A Review of EBICS & One of Its Most Unique Payment Features for Corporates

08-11-2021| treasuryXL | TIS | LinkedIn

In the early 2000s, a team of German banks began collaborating on a project to simplify and harmonize corporate payment processes across Europe. After several years of development, the Electronic Banking Internet Communication Standard (EBICS) was released and has since become a critical component of Europe’s broader corporate payments infrastructure — particularly within Germany, France, Austria, and Switzerland. With regards to the EBICS protocol, one feature of particular interest to corporates is VEU – meaning “Verteilte Elektronische Unterschrift”. In English, the abbreviation EDS is used, which stands for Electronic Distributed Signature. In this blog, a technical summary and sample use case of EDS are provided in order to demonstrate the security and data quality-related benefits for corporates and banks. For more information on EDS, you can also download EBICS’ recent technical whitepaper, which is linked here (download the PDF marked “Final” and see page 148). 

A Recap of EBICS: 16+ Years of Bringing Structure to European B2B Payment Standards  

For those who may be unfamiliar, the Electronic Banking Internet Communication Standard (EBICS) is a German-based transmission protocol that helps regulate the standards and formats that many European banks (including those in France, Switzerland, Germany, Austria, and other regions of the Single Euro Payments Area (SEPA)) use for transmitting corporate financial and payments information between one another.    

When the EBICS standard was first launched in 2005, it aimed to create a more secure way for banks to manage corporate payments and data workflows across Europe. Although several other standards already existed at the time, EBICS has since proven to be a superior standard and has become the leading protocol for conducting corporate payments in Europe. Today, EBICS is also widely considered as the role model for progress towards standardized corporate SEPA payments.  

In the years following its formation, EBICS has continued releasing updates to their financial messaging and payment standards as the European business and banking landscape evolves. This is done in order to provide the highest level of data quality, security, and privacy for all the participants in a transaction, including the financial institutions, their corporate clients, and any associated vendors, suppliers, and partners.  

As part of these updates, EBICS introduced the Electronic Distributed Signature (EDS) – also known as Distributed Electronic Signature (DES) – to allow orders and transactions to be authorized by multiple users and participants, even if they are operating at different companies or in unique locations and time-zones.  

Using EDS, an order or transaction remains stored in an initiating bank’s processing system until either the necessary number of signatures with suitable authorization have been received, a time limit set by the bank’s computer system has been exceeded, or the order is cancelled by the responsible parties.  

This process was introduced by EBICS in order to strengthen the controls used by organizations and institutions for initiating and approving large or complex payments within Europe. Today, it enjoys broad usage throughout the SEPA region and is considered a standard practice when conducting B2B payments.   

Who Benefits from Using the EDS Capability?  

EDS is most helpful for organizations that have users and personnel working remotely, or from offices in diverse locations and regions. It is also advantageous for companies that routinely pay hundreds or thousands of suppliers and business partners and that are subsequently at a higher risk of payments fraud. In practice, EDS enables a broader degree of control and oversight on payments by allowing signers from any company, location, or branch to each independently verify and approve an order before it is processed by the bank. At the same time, using EBICS provides a greater level of underlying remittance data for each transaction compared to other payment standards, which aids the participating banks and corporates in confirming the exact nature and status of each order.  

Integrating EDS to a company’s banking and payment landscape is usually handled directly within the payment platform used for transmitting payment instructions to the bank. For instance, a corporate that uses a TMS for executing Euro payments could access the EDS standard directly in the TMS, but they would also be able to rely on the initiating bank for additional oversight. For each payment initiated through EDS, the rules of submission can also be customized, and the fulfillment can be tracked automatically by each party and signer. While processing the order, there are also designated pathways for viewing the order status and alerting inactive signers that the transaction requires their approval.  

Utilizing the EBICS EDS Capability Through TIS   

When combined with TIS’ other data, system, and payment security measures, using EDS adds an additional layer of control for our banks and enterprise customers, as well as their suppliers and partners. For organizations that maintain an active presence in Europe, utilizing the EDS capability is also recommended in order to remain compliant with EBICS’ latest standards for payment processing, data quality, and information security.  

More information about other security and data privacy tactics employed by TIS can be found here. 

For TIS customers, the EDS capability is available for EBICS payments as a standard service. This means that multiple users, even those from different organizations, can view and authorize one single order. It also enables the provision of the first and/or second signature for electronic payment transactions to take place from completely separate locations. The authorized signatory is thus able to check and authorize the payment transaction orders provided from other branches or systems directly within the TIS platform. Authorized users can find the Distributed ES (VEU) option under Administration > Bank Transaction Manager Settings > EBICS > Download Configurationthe orders will be visible in the BTM Monitor. 

The EDS-specific data available through TIS includes the number of outstanding signatures required before an order is processed, the list of approved and pending signatures, and also details regarding the timeframe for signatories to approve the payment before it is automatically halted by the bank. The underlying remittance information on each order is also provided to users through TIS as a standard service.  

However, this information will only be visible to authorized users that are responsible for overseeing and executing the relevant orders; these settings can be configured by admins in the TIS system.  

For our enterprise and multinational clients, EDS is particularly helpful in instances where the payment approvers are globally distributed (such as with remote finance and treasury teams), or when making supplier payments to a diverse range of beneficiaries. This is because signatories from all parties and locations can authenticate and verify each transaction before it is processed, thereby adding an additional layer of security to the standard payment approval process. These benefits have been particularly important for organization in the real estate industry, as the parties in a transaction are often distributed across multiple regions and there are commonly numerous stakeholders involved in each payment. An overview of how EDS has impacted real estate can be found in our recent whitepaper, attached here 

About TIS

TIS is reimagining the world of enterprise payments through a cloud-based platform uniquely designed to help global organizations optimize outbound payments. Corporations, banks and business vendors leverage TIS to transform how they connect global accounts, collaborate on payment processes, execute outbound payments, analyze cash flow and compliance data, and improve critical outbound payment functions. The TIS corporate payments technology platform helps businesses improve operational efficiency, lower risk, manage liquidity, gain strategic advantage – and ultimately achieve enterprise payment optimization.

Visit tis.biz to reimagine your approach to payments.

 

Netflix’s ‘Squid Game’ and the 45 billion won question: “How much is that worth?”

04-11-2021| treasuryXL | XE | LinkedIn

The South Korean won has unexpectedly become the world’s second-most searched currency.

It’s safe to say that almost everyone watching ‘Squid Game’ has wondered what the cash prize is actually worth in their local currency. Searches for currency conversion of the South Korean won (KRW) to various local currencies, especially the Mexican peso (MXN) and US Dollar (USD), have skyrocketed in popularity since the show started streaming on September 17th. Being the world’s most trusted currency authority here at Xe, we saw our traffic spike over 1,000% for just those two conversions alone.

45 billion is a lot of money in any currency. But for viewers everywhere, we are here to break down that number for you!

Using Xe’s live exchange rates, 1 KRW is worth approximately 0.00084 USD, or 0.01737 MXN, or… select any currency and see for yourself! That means that the cash prize amount of 45.6 Billion Korean converts to over $38,000,000 USD.

Now, if only I could find some white Vans for my Halloween costume… Those searches spiked over 7,800%!


GTreasury Announces 2021 Cash Forecasting & Visibility Survey Report, Which Covers Key Trends in Corporate Treasury

03-11-2021 | treasuryXL | GTreasury |

The new report provides in-depth insight into cash reporting, cash forecasting, and technology practices and expectations across hundreds of treasury teams

CHICAGO, Ill. – November 3, 2021 – GTreasury, a treasury and risk management platform provider, and Strategic Treasurer, which delivers consulting services for treasury management, security, technology, and compliance, today announced the release of the 2021 Cash Forecasting & Visibility Survey Report.

The survey of nearly 250 treasury professionals from across industries and continents sheds light on the current state of corporate treasury’s cash reporting practices, cash forecasting methods, technology strategies, and expectations around technology spend.

Highlights from the 2021 Cash Forecasting & Visibility Survey Report include:

  • Treasurers want real-time global cash position updating. The majority of treasurers are seeking global cash positions that can update on a real-time or intraday basis, but many report being stuck with weekly (or less frequent) updates. Just seven percent of survey respondents are currently achieving real-time cash position updates.
  • Generating cash positions is three times harder without a TMS. Only 10% of treasurers using a treasury management system report difficulty generating their cash position, compared to 33% of those who use other methods.
  • The use of AI and ML in cash forecasting is nascent but accelerating. While just 6% of respondents are currently using AI/ML for forecasting, the report indicates that number should swell to 27% of organizations within the next two years.
  • More budget is being allotted for treasury and forecasting technology. Over the next year, more than 35% of companies plan “extremely heavy spending” on treasury systems and forecasting.
  • Generating cash forecasts is difficult for half of all treasurers. Just 23% of treasurers report that building cash forecasts is a simple process within their organization, compared to the 48% of respondents indicating difficulty with this task.
  • Excel forecasters are more dissatisfied than their TMS/ERP-using peers. Compared to treasurers relying on TMS/ERP technologies, treasurers using Excel spreadsheets for forecasts are more than three times as likely to be dissatisfied with their forecasting output: 23% of those relying on Excel report discontent, compared to 8% leveraging TMS/ERP solutions.

“The findings in this year’s Cash Forecasting & Visibility Survey Report provide a clear view into what matters to corporate treasury right now, and the areas that are particularly ripe for modernization,” said Craig Jeffery, Managing Partner at Strategic Treasurer. “AI and ML is arguably the biggest sea change coming to treasury teams, and it will move quickly. Treasury teams are realizing the challenges of building AI/ML-infused capabilities internally, and are instead adopting AI/ML forecasting capabilities within their existing systems. The rapid anticipated adoption here will empower corporate treasurers with transformative new practices and approaches, from treasury management to FX to payments.”


“The treasury ecosystem is constantly evolving, and this survey illuminates not just how treasury operates today, but how treasurers want – and expect – it to tomorrow,” said Michele Marvin, VP, GTreasury. “From CFOs to treasury and accounting teams, the results of this report are revelatory when it comes to navigating the current treasury technology landscape, adopting best practices, and capitalizing on the most advantageous opportunities going forward.”

Those interested in further results and analysis from the 2021 Cash Forecasting & Visibility Survey Report can view a recorded webinar, hosted by GTreasury and Strategic Treasurer, analyzing the results of this report: https://resources.gtreasury.com/Cash-Forecasting-Report-On-Demand-Webinar-Request.html

The downloadable report is available at: https://resources.gtreasury.com/Cash-Forecasting-Visibility-Report-Request.html

About GTreasury

GTreasury is committed to connecting treasury and digital finance operations by providing a world-class SaaS treasury and risk management system and integrated ecosystem where cash, debt, investments and exposures are seamlessly managed within the office of the CFO. GTreasury delivers intelligent insights, while connecting financial value chains and extending workflows to third-party systems, exchanges, portals and services. Headquartered in Chicago, with locations serving EMEA (London) and APAC (Sydney and Manila), GTreasury’s global community includes more than 800 customers and 30+ industries reaching 160+ countries worldwide.

About Strategic Treasurer

Strategic Treasurer provides consulting services for treasury management, security, technology and compliance. Corporate clients, banks and fintech providers throughout the world rely on their advisory services and industry-leading research. Strategic Treasurer is headquartered in Atlanta, with consultants based out of Atlanta, Cleveland, Detroit and Washington D.C. To learn more, visit strategictreasurer.com.


 

 

The impact of miscommunication or missing knowledge occasionally! (Dutch Item)

03-11-2021 | Ger van Rosmalen | treasuryXL | LinkedIn

Laatst werd ik gebeld door een mevrouw van een financiële afdeling van een mooi bedrijf uit de maakindustrie. Ze wilde graag even met een expert spreken over een Letter of Credit (L/C) transactie. De levering ging over een kostbare machine, puur maatwerk voor een Egyptische afnemer.

Contract omtrent de levering

Afspraak volgens haar was contract 30% aanbetaling en 70% tegen directe betaling met een L/C. Haar eerste vraag was of bij niet-levering de 30% terug betaald moest worden. Wat staat daarover in het contract was mijn vraag. Er was niets afgesproken in het contract en er was ook geen terugbetaling/vooruitbetalingsgarantie gesteld. Ik maakte hieruit op dat er geen terugbetaling hoeft te volgen bij niet-levering. Overigens blijkt dat de 30% aanbetaling niet de totale kosten van de bouw van de machine dekken. Vanwaar deze vraag? De mevrouw gaf aan dat er discussie was over de directe betaling bij het laden van de machine in de haven van Rotterdam. Afgesproken Incoterm is CFR Alexandria. De producent wilde geen risico lopen en wilde betaling als de machine op de boot was gezet. De Egyptische afnemer gaf aan dat de betaling zal volgen bij aankomst van de boot in Alexandria zoals afgesproken in het contract. Ik vroeg haar wat staat er in jullie contract over met name de betaling van de resterende 70%? Ze leest voor “30% aanbetaling en 70% CAD”.

Conditie CAD en alternatieven

Ik leg haar uit wat de conditie CAD betekend. Hier is helemaal geen sprake van een Letter of Credit maar van een documentair incasso/documentary collection waarbij de actie tot betaling van de resterende 70% volledig bij de kopende partij ligt. Immers alle handelsdocumenten worden op incasso basis naar de bank van de Egyptische koper gestuurd. Die bank mag de handelsdocumenten alleen maar uitleveren tegen gelijktijdige betaling. Meestal zal de koper de documenten vlak voor aankomst van de boot opvragen bij de bank waarna bij uitlevering van de documenten ook gelijktijdige betaling volgt. “En als de koper niet wenst te betalen?”. Dan staat daar in de haven van Alexandria jullie dure op maat gemaakte machine die de klant nu even niet wil afnemen. Mogelijke demurrage kosten in de haven van aankomst liggen op de loer. De koper kan nu gaan marchanderen of er nog iets van de prijs af kan of besluiten de machine niet af te nemen. De koper is dan zijn 30% aanbetaling kwijt en jullie hebben slechts 30% betaling ontvangen maar die is niet voldoende om de volledige kosten van de bouw en verscheping van de machine te dekken. Dit hebben wij helemaal niet afgesproken zegt ze en haar stem slaat over van de schrik. Toch heeft de verkoper dit zo afgesproken en vastgelegd in een contract. Wellicht heeft het de verkoper ontbroken aan de juiste kennis over de verschillende betalingsinstrumenten of heeft hij uit commerciële overwegingen deze beslissing genomen? Ze ging direct met de directie contact opnemen. Wat zijn de alternatieven vroeg ze want die CAD transactie gaat het zeker niet worden. Er is een contract dus de koper kan de verkoper daaraan houden. Mogelijk zal er dan geen levering plaatsvinden en ontstaat er contractbreuk met wellicht vervelende (juridische/financiële) consequenties. De onderhandeling open gooien en nieuwe afspraken maken met de koper om de resterende 70% via een L/C te betalen is een mogelijkheid. Als de koper daar al in wil meegaan kan hij wederom een korting bedingen.

Hoe dit soort situaties voorkomen?

Kortom een vervelende situatie die voorkomen had kunnen worden als de verkoper de juiste kennis van betalingsinstrumenten had gehad of niet geheel zelfstandig had mogen handelen en tijdig gecorrigeerd had kunnen worden om een L/C te vragen. Het beleid binnen dit bedrijf is dat bij dit soort transacties er altijd op zeker gespeeld moet worden om geen risico’s te lopen met machines die speciaal voor klanten worden gemaakt. Er blijkt toch wel wat kennis te ontbreken niet alleen over de verschillende betalingsinstrumenten maar ook over de risico’s van bijvoorbeeld een L/C met een FOB leveringsconditie. Vergeet ook niet de impact van de tegenwoordig geldende Compliance/AML regels.

 

Wilt u niet in dit soort valkuilen terechtkomen laat u informeren. Tradelinq Solutions kan u bijstaan of trainen op het gebied van betalingscondities (L/C, Bankgarantie, Documentair Incasso etc). Ook trainingen over toepassing Incoterms of hoe om te gaan met Compliance/AML regels behoort tot de mogelijkheden. Voor meer informatie neem contact met ons op via [email protected] of bel mij op 0613377921 ik sta u graag te woord.

 

 

Ger van Rosmalen

Trade Finance Specialist

 

 

Question treasuryXL Panel #3 | Should treasury always report to the CFO?

02-11-2021 | treasuryXL | Treasurer Search | LinkedIn |

treasuryXL is the community platform for all your relevant treasury questions.

We received the following question from one of our followers… Read more

Refinitiv case study | How Haier Group uses a one-stop FX Management solution to mitigate currency volatility

1-11-2021 | treasuryXL | Refinitiv | LinkedIn

Haier Group Corporation is a Chinese multinational consumer electronics and home appliances company, designing, manufacturing and selling a full range of smart appliances, whilst also focusing on channel integrated services. Read more about how Haier Group treasury has succeeded in establishing an intelligent risk management model, covering their whole workflow by connecting with their internal accounting and funds settlement system and externally linking financial data resources (such as Refinitiv) and more than ten global banks.

Haier Group Corporation is a Chinese collective multinational consumer electronics and home appliances company headquartered in Qingdao, China. The FX risk management function under Haier Group’s treasury now controls 22 countries and areas and 20 currency pairs. Their centralised management is difficult due to the wide range of regions and currencies, while the traditional analysis and management from manual booking does not keep up with the current business development demand. Haier Group treasury has succeeded in establishing an intelligent risk management model, covering the whole process by connecting with the internal accounting system and funds settlement system and externally linking the financial data resources (such as Refinitiv) and more than ten global banks.

 

 

 

Beheer uw Financiële Middelen | Cash- en werkkapitaalbeheer

| 29-10-2021 | François de Witte | treasuryXL |

Een bedrijf financieel gezond houden kan niet zonder een gedegen werkkapitaalbeheer. In deze basisopleiding bekijken we alle inkomende en uitgaande geldstromen (debiteuren, crediteuren, voorraden en cash). U leert hoe u deze geldstromen kan beheren en optimaliseren. Een aanrader voor iedereen wie interesse heeft en de noodzaak inziet van een transparant treasury- en creditmanagement. Deze opleiding gaat klassikaal door in campus Gent.

Omschrijving

Productieprocessen, (internationale) logistieke processen en verkoopprocessen brengen grote geldstromen in beweging. Een bedrijf financieel gezond houden kan niet zonder een gedegen werkkapitaalbeheer. In deze basisopleiding bekijken we alle inkomende en uitgaande geldstromen (debiteuren, crediteuren, voorraden en cash). U leert hoe u deze geldstromen kunt beheren en optimaliseren. Een aanrader voor iedereen wie interesse heeft en de noodzaak inziet van een transparant treasury- en creditmanagement.

Voor wie is deze opleiding bestemd?

Deze module richt zich tot bedrijfsleiders, alsook alle financieel verantwoordelijken, leden van het treasury team, controllers, financieel adviseurs, accountants, accountmanagers en productmanagers bij financiële instellingen.

Voorkennis

Financieel basisinzicht is vereist.

Bijkomende info

Het programma komt in aanmerking voor 9 uren permanente vorming bij ITAA.

Methodologie

Het programma is doorspekt met cases die samen met de deelnemers behandeld worden. Naast voorbeelden uit de praktijk die de theoretische onderbouw concretiseren, is er steeds aandacht voor de opmerkingen en vragen van de deelnemers. Om deze reden is het aantal deelnemers beperkt.

Lesdata

DATUM STARTUUR EINDUUR
woensdag 01/12/2021 9:30 12:30
woensdag 01/12/2021 13:30 16:30
woensdag 8/12/2021 13:30 16:30

Meer informatie en inschrijven: Klik Hier

 

Francois de Witte

 

François de Witte

 

 

 

 

 

 

Kyriba Fact Sheet – Payment Errors & Compliance Violations

27-10-2021 | treasuryXL | Kyriba |

Payment errors and compliance violations cause significant losses for businesses of all sizes. Fraud alone cost companies more than $42 billion last year, according to PwC’s Global Economic Crime and Fraud Survey.

The repercussions are wide-ranging, from arduous public disclosures and legal fees to reputational damage. Some are the result of attacks by elite cybercriminals, while others are simple mistakes made by careless or inexperienced employees. Kyriba’s Payments Fraud Solution delivers confidence that payment fraud attempts, errors and policy violations are captured, identified, and eliminated, saving your organization time, effort, and money.

Have a read of Kyriba’s Fact Sheet to learn more about payment errors and how Kyriba can help you.

Kyriba Unlocks Access to $15 Trillion Payment Network with Launch of Open API Platform

25-10-2021 | treasuryXL | Kyriba |

Kyriba, a global leader in cloud-based finance and IT solutions, today announced the launch of its Open API Platform to enable composable technology solutions for CFOs, CIOs and Treasurers, and accelerate the next generation of finance innovation. Kyriba’s Open API Platform streamlines the creation and connectivity of new applications for the company’s trusted network, which connects 1,000 banks, manages over a million bank accounts, and processes over 200 million payments worth 15 trillion USD annually.

The Open API Platform is accessible through Kyriba’s newly launched Developer Portal, which connects fintech developers to Kyriba’s 2,000+ global corporate clients who have integrated Kyriba into their treasury processes, enterprise payments systems, and ERP platforms.

 

“Kyriba Open API Platform will radically unlock fintech innovation for enterprise CFOs and their CIO counterparts,” said Boris Lipiainen, CTO of Kyriba. “Beyond simplifying and accelerating bank and ERP connectivity, fintech developers will bring new apps to the Kyriba network and empower the next generation of financial technology.”

 

APIs are transforming the way Finance and IT consume and integrate data and are the gateway to delivering real-time services, artificial intelligence, and composable digital finance solutions for CFOs and CIOs. According to Gartner® research, “Gartner predicts through 2024, 50% of financial application leaders will incorporate a composable financial management system approach to their solution selection. Gartner defines a composable architecture as one where highly modular applications can be composed and recomposed to deliver capabilities and outcomes that keep up with the rapid pace of business change1.”

 

“Kyriba’s Open API Platform eliminates the need for internal IT teams to deliver a patchwork of custom interfaces and RPA bots to satisfy the growing need for hyperautomation,” said Félix Grévy, VP of Open API and Connectivity at Kyriba. “Our Platform enables Kyriba clients and our network of development partners to accelerate product innovation and deliver composable technology solutions to eliminate fraud, mitigate risk and optimize enterprise liquidity.”

 

For more information about Kyriba’s Open API Platform, visit Kyriba.com or the Kyriba Developer Portal and listen to their webinar APIs:The Catalyst for Real-Time Treasury.

Why Do Currencies Fluctuate?

21-10-2021| treasuryXL | XE | LinkedIn

These days, some currency rates are jumping to all-time highs while others plunge to record lows. Exchange rates are constantly fluctuating, but what, exactly, causes a currency’s value to rise and fall? Simply put, currencies fluctuate based on supply and demand.

 

Most of the world’s currencies are bought and sold based on flexible exchange rates, meaning their prices fluctuate based on the supply and demand in the foreign exchange market. High demand for a currency or a shortage in its supply will cause an increase in price. A currency’s supply and demand are tied to a number of intertwined factors including the country’s monetary policy, the rate of inflation, and political and economic conditions.

Monetary Policy

One way a country may stimulate its economy is through its monetary policy. Many central banks attempt to control the demand for currency by increasing or decreasing the money supply and/or benchmark interest rates.

“With a low interest rate, people and businesses are more willing and able to borrow money”

The money supply is the amount of a currency in circulation. As a country’s money supply increases and the currency becomes more available, the price of borrowing the currency goes down. The interest rate is the price at which money can be borrowed. With a low interest rate, people and businesses are more willing and able to borrow money. As they continually spend this borrowed money, the economy grows. However, if there is too much money in the economy and the supply of goods and services does not increase accordingly, prices may begin to inflate.

Rate of Inflation

Another variable that heavily influences the value of a currency is the inflation rate. The inflation rate is the rate at which the general price of goods and services are increasing. While a small amount of inflation indicates a healthy economy, too much of an increase can cause economic instability, which may ultimately lead to the currency’s depreciation.

A country’s inflation rate and interest rates heavily influence its economy. If the inflation rate gets too high, the central bank may counteract the problem by raising the interest rate. This encourages people to stop spending and instead save their money. It also stimulates foreign investment and increases the amount of capital entering the marketplace, which leads to an increased demand for currency. Therefore, an increase in a country’s interest rate leads to an appreciation of its currency. Similarly, a decrease in an interest rate causes depreciation of the currency.

Political and Economic Conditions

The economic and political conditions of a country can also cause a currency’s value to fluctuate. While investors enjoy high interest rates, they also value the predictability of an investment. This is why currencies from politically stable and economically sound countries generally have higher demand, which, in turn, leads to higher exchange rates.

Markets continually monitor the current and expected future economic conditions of countries. In addition to money supply changes, interest rates, and inflation rates, other key economic indicators include gross domestic product, unemployment rate, housing starts, and trade balance (a country’s total exports less its total imports). If these indicators show a strong and growing economy, its currency will tend to appreciate as demand increases.

Similarly, strong political conditions impact currency values positively. If a country is in the midst of political unrest or global tensions, the currency becomes less attractive and demand falls. On the other hand, if a market sees the introduction of a new government that suggests stability or strong future economic growth, a currency may appreciate as people buy it based on the good news.

Conclusion

There is no single indicator that explains exactly why a currency has fluctuated or predicts with certainty what its price will do. Instead, many factors related to demand and supply affect currency values. What has been shown is that more knowledge and understanding of market conditions and their implications for currency fluctuations leads to more accurate predictions.