PSD 2 Summer 2018 Update

| 30-08-2018 | François de Witte | TreasuryXL |

In June 2018, I published a Spring Update on PSD2 (Payment Service Directive 2). Since then, things have moved, and hence I found it the right moment to provide an update you on some developments PSD2 and open banking.

Main updates on the regulatory framework

Several member states have experienced in the transposition of PSD2 in the national law. The status (28/8/2018) is as follows:

  • Full transposition measures communicated: Austria, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Slovakia, Slovenia, Sweden, United Kingdom, Belgium, Luxembourg, Poland
  • Partial transposition measures communicated: Lithuania, Malta, Romania, Latvia
  • No transposition measures communicated: Croatia, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain

Source : https://ec.europa.eu/info/publications/payment-services-directive-transposition-status_en, as updated by information, which I gathered.

The RTS (Regulatory Technical Standards) on SCA (strong customer authentication) and CSS (Common Secure open Standards of communication) will apply in as from September 13, 2019, leaving 18 months to the payment industry to get ready for this new state of play. The EBA (European Banking Authority) has published in the meantime on 13/6/2018 its Opinion on the implementation of the RTS on SCA and CSC, as well as a Consultation Paper on Draft Guidelines on the conditions to be met to benefit from an exemption from contingency measures under Article 33(6) of Regulation (EU) 2018/389 (RTS on SCA & CSC).

The Contingency Measures impose that the ASPSP (Account Servicing Payment Service Provider) must provide a fall back mechanism, i.e. measures that should be taken to restore access to the customer payment account, in case that the API happens to be unavailable. Exemptions can be granted if all the following conditions are met:

  • The API meets the quality requirements defined in the RTS
  • The API has been successfully tested by the market
  • The API has been approved by the competent authority (in Belgium the NBB and in the Netherlands the DNB), which itself should have consulted the EBA, to ensure a consistency of quality criteria for APIs

This is a hot topic, as the cost of a fall back mechanism is quite high, and we expect that the ASPSP will ask exemptions.

 Main challenges

Up to now, some banks had published their APIs (Application Program Interface). We observe that banks remain slow in opening their APIs to TPPs (Third Party Providers), and this for various reasons, e.g. APIs are not yet ready technically, chicken and egg situation with other banks, etc. As a result, some API aggregators screen scraping or reverse engineering to enable to provide for the TPPs (including banks) access to the accounts held at the ASPSPs.

Furthermore, the standards are not yet harmonized throughout Europe. A few working groups were constituted to further elaborate on these standards, the most important ones being the UK’s Open Banking Working Group (OBWG), the Berlin Group, and STET.

Although the adoption of the RTS has provided a degree of market certainty, some articles are still open to interpretation.

The permissible methods of strong customer authentication remain unclear. One-time passcodes sent via SMS are not explicitly allowed or disallowed by the RTS. There is also debate about the dual factor requirement for such an authentication method. This is particularly if the mobile device to which this is sent is already serving as an authentication factor. Would the consumer be required to have an additional device?

It also remains unclear if the exemptions for PISPs on low-value credit transfers (30 EUR and 100 EUR accumulated, up to five transactions) and contactless payments (50 EUR, 150 EUR accumulated, up to five transactions) must be counted together or separately per channel.

National competent authorities will have to balance the convenience, familiarity and inclusiveness of the method against its known vulnerabilities to certain types of attack.

There are also uncertainties on how what the EBA calls TRA (Transaction Risk Analysis) will work in practice. This risk-based approach gives exemptions to strong customer authentication for low-risk transactions, if the Payment Service Provider operates within certain thresholds as to fraud by value bands.

Main opportunities

We see increasingly new business opportunities popping up. PSD2 allows the existing banks to source valuable partnerships pursuing multiple potential objectives. During my contacts in the market, I identified following interesting use cases.

  1. Use cases to improve the consumer banking experience and increase customer control:
  • Offer new payment solutions based on smartphones and apps
  • Facilitate reloading of prepaid cars
  1. Increase customer attraction and retention:
  • Offer loyalty cards and potential gains based on actual spending
  • Offer tools for expense and budget control
  1. Retain clients with multiple banking relations
  • Permit access to all banks’ information through a single user interface
  • Allow clients to deposit cash through TPP’s network
  1. Provide a complete asset overview
  • Provide integrated view beyond PSD2
  • Give overview of all assets (real estate, crypto, cars…)
  1. Optimize internal processes
  • Automate and enhance credit scoring based on data integration
  • Monitoring of loans – Early Warning signals in case of credit deterioration

Conclusion

The banks are slow in opening their APIs, and open banking is not taking off as quickly as expected. Market players need also to agree on common standards for the interfaces. However, there the deadline of 14/9/2019 is approaching and there is no way back

Open banking is a new way of approaching the delivery of financial services for customers, and as such, it requires a new way of thinking and new ways of working. However, I see any new opportunities and use cases.

For your information, there will be on 20/9/2018 in Brussels an interesting conference on “Recent Trends in Payments” organized by IFE. The conference will be chaired by Joan Carette, Partner at Osborne Clarke, with several prime speakers including Begoña Blanco Sánchez, Gert Heynderickx, Cédric Nève, Sébastien De Brouwer and myself. For more information, please go to www.ifebenelux.be/nl/opleiding/actualiteit/services-de-paiement-etat-des-lieux-et-nouvelles-tendances-betalingsdiensten-stand-van-zaken-en-nieuwe-trends.html.

I will also give a one-day training on the subject at Febelfin Academy on 21/11/2018. For more information, please go to: www.febelfin-academy.be/nl/opleidingen/detail/psd2-and-the-open-banking-architecture-addressing-.

 

François de Witte

Founder & Senior Consultant at FDW Consult

 

 

TREASURY INDIA SUMMIT

| 28-08-2018 | CFO Engage | treasuryXL |

Treasury’s strategic role continues to expand as it takes on more responsibilities, collaborates with an increasing array of business units, advises senior management and becomes heavily involved in making capital allocation decisions.

Treasurers’ skill sets are increasingly in demand to provide analytical rigor and advise corporate leaders and boards of directors on how to best optimize corporate liquidity and ensure holistic risk management. To meet growing demands for their time and advice, treasurers have to ensure highly effective and efficient treasury operations in order to fulfill their traditional roles while also meeting the requirements of the “new” treasurer. Companies that embrace this transition into a broader role for treasury and take advantage of treasury’s analytical and risk management capabilities will have an opportunity to make better strategic decisions in an increasingly uncertain business environment.

CFO Engage brings to you Treasury India Summit- a platform for thought leaders in the house of treasury to exchange ideas and network with industry peers.

Why Attend?

  •  Learn how to improve performance by seeing exactly how someone else did it
  •  Hear case studies, lessons learned, and strategic advice from leading treasury management
    teams to identify approaches that work for your company
  •  Network with your ecosystem: Connect and build longterm working relationships with industry peers
  •  Benchmark your performance: Assess strengths, uncover areas for improvement, and keep up to date with the industry.
    Also, identify key IT strategies that generate tangible business value
  • Get new ideas: Engage in live demos and casual discussions, and learn about partner innovations and predictions of things
    to come, to get a fresh perspective and valuable ideas to apply to your business

Treasury India Summit is brought to you by CFO Engage and is an exclusive platform for Treasury professionals from India’s largest and most influential companies. They are brought together to collaborate on the most pressing issues globally. For more information about the event please visit the event’s website.

PGO Treasury and Corporate Finance (RT) will start shortly – only a few places left

| 27-08-2018 | VU Amsterdam | treasuryXL |

In previous blogs we informed you about the post graduate education treasury at the Vrije Universiteit in Amsterdam. This will be the first year that the program will be in English. As in previous years, a nice mix of treasury experts with different professional backgrounds will start in September. The VU informed us only a few places are left.

KEY FACTS ON THE PROGRAM

The postgraduate executive programme Treasury Management & Corporate Finance combines two finance disciplines Treasury Management and Corporate Finance. These disciplines largely overlap and are even inextricably connected.

This postgraduate executive program is running now for more than 20 years at the Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam. It is an unique program in The Netherlands and even abroad.

As from September 2018 the program will be given entirely in English in order to connect to the increasingly larger community of non-Dutch speaking finance professionals in The Netherlands.

The completion of this postgraduate executive program is rewarded by the title Register Treasurer. This title is well known and well recognized by the community of treasury professionals.

The curriculum is organized in 6 modules which each cover a clear sub discipline in Treasury management and Corporate Finance. Each module comprises of 6 lecture days on Thursday (starting at noon until 20:00). It is an intensive and efficient program which lasts for 1.5 years.

The postgraduate executive program Treasury Management & Corporate Finance is strategic partner of the Dutch Association Corporate Treasurers (DACT).

Partners of the program are KPMG, Orchard Finance, PwC and Zanders Treasury & Finance Solutions. Senior affiliates lecture in the program.

If you want more information about the program you can contact de Vrije Universteit.

 

 

Global Political Risks

| 23-08-2018 | ICC Consultants | treasuryXL |

In deze blog worden de internationale politieke ontwikkelingen geanalyseerd die impact kunnen gaan hebben op de financiële markten en de mate waarin. De visie van ICC Consultants is gebaseerd op een groot netwerk binnen de wereldwijd toon-aangevende researchhuizen en 40 jaar ervaring in de financiële markten. Deze blog bevat gedeeltes van het totale rapport. Het volledige rapport kunt u downloaden middels de weblink onderaan deze blog.

 

Brengt Turkse torpedo stieren aan het zinken?

Turkije ligt onder vuur van de financiële markten. Turkije is ook een van de grotere spelers in het uitdijende kamp van staten die zich meer en bewegen in autoritaire richting. Vijfenvijftig jaar geleden zag JFK al in dat een geheel liberaal-democratische wereld er (voorlopig) niet in zat. Hij wilde dan in elk geval zeker stellen dat in de wereld plaats was voor een vreedzaam bestaan van zowel liberale democratieën als andere vormen van bestuur naast elkaar. Na de Koude Oorlog ontstond in alle Westerse euforie even het idee dat de kapitalistische democratie niet meer te stoppen was. Deze overtuiging is (vooralsnog) gelogenstraft door o.a. China en Rusland…

Welvaart in ruil voor je mond houden

In veel van die landen – inclusief China, Rusland en eigenlijk ook Turkije – gold en geldt de impliciete afspraak tussen overheid en volk van sterke economische groei in ruil voor politieke passiviteit. Dat is de vriendelijke manier om het te beschrijven, want veelal zal een regime het natuurlijk niet accepteren als het volk af wil van deze constructie (zoals we de laatste jaren al vaker hebben gezien). Leiders in deze landen zijn  er ook niet gerust op: in de afgelopen vijf jaar zijn in meer dan tien procent van de landen in de wereld politieke wisselingen van de wacht geweest als gevolg van (onvrede over) corruptie….

Uiterst kwetsbaar model

Het is de vraag of de wereld zoals JFK die zei voor ogen te hebben – waarin democratische en autoritaire landen in relatieve vrede naast elkaar kunnen bestaan – stand kan houden in dit tijdsgewricht. Leiders als Trump, Poetin, Xi Jinping en Erdogan plaatsen steeds meer vraagtekens bij de door het Westen vormgegeven wereldorde.  Deze leiders worden in de kaart gespeeld door de uit de bocht gevlogen vormen van kapitalisme die je zou kunnen aanduiden als winner-takes-all-capitalism, groeiende ongelijkheid, stagnerende of dalende reële lonen en grote culturele maatschappelijke veranderingen…

Le Trente Glorieuse is niet meer

De periode tot ruwweg de  jaren zeventig wordt veelal aangeduid als Le Trente Glorieuse: een periode met – vooral in het Westen – de prachtige combinatie van hoge economische groei,  toenemende productiviteit, stijgende reële lonen, sterke technologische vooruitgang en de gestage uitbreiding van de  verzorgingsstaat /sociale vangnetten.  In feite was het een tijd waarin efficiëntie, gelijkheid en volledige werkgelegenheid veelal samengingen. Die periode is duidelijk voorbij, wat tot veel onvrede onder bevolkingen leidt, tot de draai richting populisten en tot een meer naar binnen gekeerde opstelling….

Loper uitgerold voor beren

Vanuit politiek oogpunt zijn wel voldoende aanknopingspunten voor bears. De groei wordt bedreigd door identiteitspolitiek, het ondermijnen van instituten die de veiligheid en economische groei de afgelopen zeven decennia hebben geholpen en protectionisme en andere initiatieven die internationale productieketens en andere vormen van globalisering in gevaar brengen.

In Europa werd na de verkiezingen in Nederland en Frankrijk in de eerste helft van 2017 gedacht dat het populisme op zijn retour is. Niets lijkt minder waar: in bijvoorbeeld Italië, Oostenrijk, Hongarije en Polen leiden populisten regeringen, in Zweden staan rechts-populisten op de eerste plaats in de peilingen en in Duitsland zijn ze nummer twee…..

Oorlog op vele fronten

Dergelijke ontwikkelingen hoeven niet van vandaag op morgen tot paniek op de markten te leiden, maar ze zaaien wel de zaden voor verdere verzwakking van groeipotentieel. Tot nu toe werd het meest gevreesd voor de gevolgen van een handelsoorlog, maar de combinatie van handelsconflicten, geopolitieke waaghalzerij en rollen van de spierballen en de weaponizing of finance is juist de grote dreiging. James Mackintosh – columnist van de Wall Street Journal – wees er al op dat handelsoorlogen weliswaar niet goed zijn voor de economische groei, maar dat ze zelden een recessie inluiden of de groei echt hard raken. Dat in tegenstelling tot financiële crises die een lange lijst van economische slachtoffers hebben achtergelaten……

Het volledige rapport dat geschreven is door Andy Langenkamp, politiek analist bij ICC, kunt u downloaden op de website van ICC Consultants.

 

Reminder Event: INTERNATIONAL TREASURY MANAGEMENT CONFERENCE 26-28 Sept @ EUROFINANCE

| 20-08-2018 | Eurofinance | treasuryXL |

Join the global treasury community at EuroFinance’s  27th International Treasury Management conference on 26-28 September 2018. This year, we look at how to prepare treasury for the future – because it is no longer enough to just deliver on treasury’s core responsibilities.

New technology, business model disruption and unprecedented compliance, regulation and geopolitical issues will change the profession beyond recognition. Treasury needs to react and adapt.

  • Discover which tech is relevant to you and how to future-proof your treasury
  • Hear how to be proactive, work with the rest of the business and keep treasury relevant
  • Learn how others are seizing the opportunity to review everything from staffing to structures

This fresh new programme is based on over 1,000 interviews and discussions with treasury professionals around the world. It will deliver cutting-edge content, real-life case studies and thought provoking big picture sessions.

Network with an unparalleled senior audience of 2100+ delegates from over 50 countries. Find out what to expect here: https://bit.ly/2Nv8RI3

For more information or if you want to register for the event visit the events website.

 

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PGO Treasury and Corporate Finance (RT) @ Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam

| 14-08-2018 | VU Amsterdam | treasuryXL |

PGO Treasury and Corporate Finance (RT) will start shortly – only a few places left

In previous blogs we informed you about the post graduate education treasury at the Vrije Universiteit in Amsterdam. This will be the first year that the program will be in English. As in previous years, a nice mix of treasury experts with different professional backgrounds will start in September. The VU informed us only a few places are left.

In this link you can read more about the program and see a short youtube posting about corporate treasury.

Reminder Event: TOMORROW’S EUROPE: Uncertainty and unprecedented opportunity

| 13-08-2018 | Reuters | treasuryXL |

Join this dynamic discussion where a panel of economic, geopolitical and business experts will explore what ‘Tomorrow’s Europe’ may look like.

Europe is at a crossroads. It faces many challenges – from globalisation and geopolitics, to the impact of new technologies and trade agreements. But change also brings great opportunities for the brave and adaptable. Above all, innovation, entrepreneurship and investment will be the foundations of future prosperity. And businesses – as the main creators of jobs and growth – have a pivotal role in determining what ‘Tomorrow’s Europe’ will become.

Our expert panel will discuss

  • What will drive economic growth?
  • What are the geopolitical factors that lie ahead?
  • Which businesses and markets will bring investment to the region?
  • What will propel innovation and competition?
  • How new regulations and a post-Brexit trade landscape will shape the decades to come

All this, and much more, up for debate at the Axica, Berlin on 19 September 2018.

Agenda

6:30 pm: Arrive and sign in
7:00 pm: Welcome and introductions
7:10 pm: Panel discussion
8:00 pm: Audience Q&A
8:30 pm: Networking drinks reception

Meet the Speakers

(Additional panellists to be announced shortly)

Özlem Bedre-Defolie

Associate Professor of Economics, ESMT

Özlem Bedre-Defolie is an associate professor (with tenure) of economics at ESMT Berlin. Her research has been published in leading Economics, Marketing and Industrial Organization journals, including American Economic Review, Journal of Economic Theory, American Economic Journal: Microeconomics, Marketing Science, International Journal of Industrial Organization.

Ferdinand Fichtner

Head of Department, DIW Berlin

Dr. Ferdinand Fichtner is Head of the Forecasting and Economic Policy Department at DIW Berlin. He holds a Ph.D. from the University of Cologne and wrote his dissertation thesis about the effects of monetary integration on economic welfare. He is one of the leading German experts on macroeconomic policy, with frequent appearances on national and international media and close connections with German and European policy makers.

Josef Janning

Head of European Council on Foreign Relations, Berlin Office

Josef Janning joined the European Council on Foreign Relations in April 2014 as Senior Policy Fellow in the Berlin Office. Josef has published widely on European Affairs, International Relations, EU foreign and security policy, German foreign and European policy as well as global affairs. On these issues he also is a frequent commentator with German and international media.

Panel Moderator: Vanessa Cuddeford

Vanessa Cuddeford is a journalist and presenter with 15 years’ experience. She anchors and reports for the BBC and Reuters, regularly presenting news, arts and business programmes for international broadcasters.

This event is for:

Business leaders / senior executives / entrepreneurs

For more information or if you want to register for the event visit the events website.

 

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Best read articles of all time: Treasurer en controller; een paar apart ?

| 10-08-2018 | Jan de Kroon | treasuryXL |

collaboration-1106196_640De treasurer en de controller zouden twee handen op dezelfde buik moeten zijn, maar de vraag is of dat in alle, of zelfs de meeste, gevallen wel zo is. Enkele uitzonderingen daargelaten, zijn de verschillen groter dan de overeenkomsten.

Kort door de bocht zou je kunnen stellen dat de treasurer zich met het financieren van de operatie bezig houdt aan de passiefzijde van de balans. De controller houdt zich dan bezig met vooral de operatie waarvoor die middelen aan de actiefzijde zijn aangewend en zorgt ervoor dat die cash ook weer beschikbaar komt voor de verschaffer van die middelen. Beiden spelen een belangrijke rol in de cash conversion cycle en als het goed is, stemmen ze hun belangen onderling goed af. De praktijk leert echter dat het in veel gevallen niet zo rooskleurig verloopt in de afstemming.

De treasury functie onderhoudt een brug tussen de financiële belangen van de eigen organisatie en ontwikkelingen op de financiële markten er buiten. Hij zorgt voor blijvende toegang tot bronnen van geld, beschermt vermogen en resultaat tegen financiële risico’s en beheert een superieure en kosten-efficiënte financiële infrastructuur. Daar is weinig op tegen te hebben; voorwaar een nuttige rol die op begrip van iedereen kan rekenen. Althans, dat zou je denken.

Toch gaat het in de relatie vaak verre van soepel. Meestal omdat ze niet alleen een andere taal spreken, maar ook elkaars wereld niet echt lijken te kennen; laat staan echt begrijpen. De treasurer heeft een groot belang bij juiste, tijdige en volledige positie informatie en verwacht die van de controller te ontvangen. Zich niet realiserend dat de controller het belang vast wel onderschrijft maar in zijn eigen business unit met een vergelijkbaar vraagstuk worstelt; hoe krijg ik in des hemelsnaam tijdig betrouwbare informatie uit de lijn en het primaire proces. Voor eigen gebruik in het veld, maar ook om een collega op het hoofdkantoor een plezier mee te doen.

Anders dan de gemiddelde treasurer is echter de controller een vogeltje dat minder goed gebekt is en mede daardoor niet altijd lijneenheden kan overtuigen van nut en noodzaak van tijdige prognoses op basis waarvan de treasurer zijn randvoorwaarden beter kan inregelen. Om dat op te lossen en betere positie-informatie te verkrijgen uit de operatie, is een aantal elementen van belang:

1. Zorg er voor dat treasurer en controller elkaar beter leren begrijpen. Dat kan door meer in te spelen op business partnership dan ‘leverancier-afnemer’;

2. Zorg voor een beter financieel economisch bewustzijn bij de lijn. Dat kan door bijvoorbeeld het hanteren van feedback en feed forward technieken maar ook door het benoemen van lokale treasury referenten in het primaire proces;

3. Zorg dat de verantwoordelijkheden scherp zijn gedefinieerd. Daarmee zorg je dat tenminste iemand zich verantwoordelijk voelt voor de juiste positie op het juiste moment;

4. Een periodieke treasury nieuwsbrief kan helpen bij het vermijden van ‘ver-van-het-bed-shows’ en het verkleinen van de communicatie-kloof.

Zo komen de handen weer op één buik.

Jan de Kroon

 

Jan de Kroon

Owner & Managing partner of Improfin Groep

 

Getting ready to launch the Treasurer Test!

| 07-08-2018 | by  Pieter de Kiewit | treasuryXL |

Roughly 60% or more of the hiring managers we work with does not have experience in corporate treasury. Less than 20% of people working in corporate treasury received extensive professional treasury education. The rest did not. How can we measure whether a candidate has the knowledge to be able to do the job? Currently this is done, also by us, by looking at their experience: screening CV’s, checking references, etcetera. I think there is room for more thorough measuring.

After talking with many experts the idea of the Treasurer Test arose. We created a group of enthusiasts and started building. The core of the group consists of:

  • academic treasury experts of VU University (Vrije Universiteit) Amsterdam, responsible for the Register Treasurer Program, and The University of Applied Science (Hogeschool) Utrecht, organizer of the Minor Treasury Management;
  • assessment psychologists with a degree in test development;
  • IT experts using software and methodologies also used by dozens of international universities who can build an on-line assessment environment;
  • treasuryXL, their and our network of corporate treasurers as well as professional bodies.

Within a month we will start with the first test of a new and I think exciting measurement tool. It combines measurement of treasury knowledge & skills with a Big 5 personality test. The results of the treasury part of the test are presented both with absolute scores, as well as with a peer group comparison. Peer groups are formed upon experience: up to two years, three to eight and over nine. The results of the personality test are compared with a general population as well as the treasury population who already did the test. This way we can make statements like “he didn’t answer a lot of questions correctly on the topic cash management but others with less than 2 years’ experience score even worse” or “she is an introvert in comparison to general population but in comparison to other treasurers she is quite extroverted”.

We are close to asking the first peer group to do the test and expect a larger scale introduction around October 2018. treasuryXL will be the home of the Treasurer Test. I am quite excited about this project and think it can all help us in making career / recruitment decisions, choose proper education and shape treasury teams. There is a lot more to tell about the project, I will keep you updated and am available for questions or input.

On behalf of Team Treasurer Test,

Pieter de Kiewit

 

 

Pieter de Kiewit
Owner Treasurer Search

 

 

Evolution not revolution: Financial services of the future

|06-08-2018 | Reuters | treasuryXL |

 

The story surrounding the banking battle to keep customers happy, as challenges emerge from FinTechs, is not a new one. However, Barclays is embracing this competition – not to mention the other winds of change, such as Brexit and new regulation across Europe.

 


Collaboration over competition

Barclays’ recent strategic partnership with PayPal is indicative of the continuing evolution, rather than the need for total revolution. It gives consumers and business customers a new, seamless way of linking their two accounts. It’s an example of how banks can transform and make their trusted brands stronger, wherein banking experience and innovation are key – this evolution isn’t a full-on collision with large technology companies.

Banks are part of the solution

“FinTechs still need banking payment rails. It’s not in their interest to completely destroy banks. There is still a need for them to be part of the solution. The more we look at collaboration, innovation will enable us to thrive alongside FinTechs,” says Martin Griffiths, Head of FinTech at Barclays. He adds, “There will be new business models – maybe it won’t be all about payments. We’ve got to be open to thinking about what consumers need, what the experience is that the end users want.”

Trust, above all

As established financial services companies strive to stay relevant in a disruptive world, FinTech start-ups would do well to draw on the histories of these corporations and learn how to build businesses that last. Security, privacy and compliance — these are core issues that are hard to replicate. “Consumers trust banks and until some of these businesses have the same scale and the same level of trust, they’re not going to be looked at as the first alternative for most consumers, for quite some time. I think the crypto space is seeing that. Who do you turn to when things go wrong? The banks have got a longstanding reputation for servicing problems,” according to Barclays’ Martin Griffiths.

Visit the website of Reuters to read the full article.

 

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