Blockchain and Trade Finance: how it could work

| 07-06-2018 | by Vincenzo Masile | treasuryXL|

 

How can trade finance operate leveraging a Blockchain based infrastructure to drive efficiencies, reduce cost base and open up new revenue opportunities?

It is vital that the international trade flow is smooth and transparent but this is not always the case for the below reasons:

 

Current Isues

  1. Manual contract creation: The import bank manually reviews the financial agreement provided by the importer and sends financials to the correspondent bank
  2. Invoice factoring: Exporters use invoices to achieve short-term financing from multiple banks, adding additional risk in the event the delivery of goods fails
  3. Delayed timeline: The shipment of goods is delayed due to multiple checks by intermediaries and numerous communication points
  4. Manual AML review: The export bank must manually conduct AML checks using the financials provided by the import bank
  5. Multiple platforms: Since each party across countries operates on different platforms, miscommunication is common and the propensity for fraud is high
  6. Duplicative bills of lading: Bills of lading are financed multiple times due to the inability of banks to verify their authenticity
  7. Delayed payment: Multiple intermediaries must verify that funds have been delivered to the importer as agreed prior to the disbursement of funds to the exporting bank

Blockchain can help as follows:

Blockchain Advantages

  1. Real-time review: Financial documents linked and accessible through Blockchain are reviewed and approved in real time, reducing the time it takes to initiate shipment
  2. Transparent factoring: Invoices accessed on Blockchain provide a real-time and transparent view into subsequent short-term financing
  3. Disintermediation: Banks facilitating trade finance through Blockchain do not require a trusted intermediary to assume risk, eliminating the need for correspondent banks
  4. Reduced counterparty risk: Bills of lading are tracked through Blockchain, eliminating the potential for double spending
  5. Decentralized contract execution: As contract terms are met, status is updated on Blockchain in real time, reducing the time and headcount required to monitor the delivery of goods
  6. Proof of ownership: The title available within Blockchain provides transparency into the location and ownership of the goods
  7. Automated settlement and reduced transaction fees: Contract terms executed via Smart Contract eliminate the need for correspondent banks and additional transaction fees
  8. Regulatory transparency: Regulators are provided with a real-time view of essential documents to assist in enforcement and AML activities

Part of the gain from digitization lies in cutting costs: transactional and overheads. Digitization should also free the flow of finance to firms starved of it, partly by helping banks’ compliance with anti-money-laundering rules.

Vincenzo Masile

Treasury Expert/Credit Risk Manager

 

New style post executive education in Treasury management & Corporate Finance at the Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam

| 06-06-2018 | by Herbert Rijken |

For more than 20 years the Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam is running a postgraduate executive program in Treasury Management. The educational design of this program is unique in treasury management education. It aims to stimulate development as an academic professional. It mixes useful academic knowledge for practitioners with hands on knowledge useful in daily practice of treasury professionals. To make this happen the program is at an academic master level and much time spent in interactive sessions with various academic and professional experts in the field of treasury management and corporate finance.

 

The curriculum has recently been modified for a better fit with young finance professionals willing to boost their career with high Master level post graduate executive education.

1) The curriculum has been re-organized in 6 clear defined modules which all can be completed in 1.5 years.

2) The scope of the curriculum has been broadened by a more clear focus on Corporate Finance in 2 modules, so the name of the program has become Treasury Management & Corporate Finance.

3)In September 2018 this program will be given entirely in English to connect to the increasingly larger community of non-Dutch speaking finance professionals in The Netherlands. But also, English is becoming more common in the treasury business.

4) The curriculum has been designed in such a way exemptions apply to applicants with Dutch RA and RC qualifications.

After finishing the program you will receive the certificate of a Registered Treasurer which is well recognized in the treasury community. Partners of the program are KPMG, Orchard Finance, PwC and Zanders Treasury & Finance Solutions. Senior affiliates lecture in the program. The program is also strategic partner of the Dutch Association of Corporate Treasurers and TreasuryXL.

For more information see our website:

 

Prof. Dr. Ir. Herbert Rijken – Professor Corporate Finance at VU University Amsterdam

 

 

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Cyber Security and Business Intelligence

| 5-6-2018 | TIS |

Fintech Hotseat – AFP 2017: Alongside smaller companies, there are still many medium and large sized companies that have not yet implemented real-time monitoring of their payment processes. The result? These organizations then fail to discover missing cash until the end of the month. In this interview during the AFP Conference 2017 Giancarlo Laudini, SVP Global Sales and Marketing Operations, gives you insights how business intelligence can help you to prevent cyber crime and fraud in your organisation.

To see full interview click here

Content originally posted on TIS on 15/1/2018

Cash flow forecasting – more than just safeguarding liquidity

| 4-6-2018 | Gerald Dorrer | TIPCO Treasury & Technology GmbH |

“We don’t need cash flow forecasting” – statements like this are frequently heard at companies with significant cash reserves. They often highlight concerns about major internal expenses as capturing the relevant data can tie up significant resources. Modern cash flow forecasting, however, is about far more than just safeguarding against insolvency. And using up-to-date technologies only minimal efforts are needed to implement a forecast that will provide you with an array of insightful data. 

The easy way to achieve modern forecasting

Many of the data needed for cash flow forecasting already exist in various systems. ERP systems are a particularly efficient data source. For example, this is where you’ll find all of your receivables and payables, including the associated due dates and terms of payment. These data alone will already provide much of what you need. You can also find other influential factors here such as the volumes of regular salary payments. Modern forecasting systems already come complete with an interface to ERPs, making it possible to import these data at the press of a button and take them into account in your forecasts.

Another helpful tool is predictive analytics. Although the statistical methods which predictive analytics are based on have already existed for quite some time, modern technologies now make it possible to use these in practice. Predictive analytics is the key to leveraging historical data to predict future developments with an amazing degree of accuracy. A good example of the advantages offered by this procedure is in the case of a company with seasonal fluctuations in terms of its revenues. If you already have a target figure for revenues in the coming year, then predictive analytics will be able to rapidly and accurately break this down into sales for the individual months. But far more complex scenarios are also conceivable, such as the early identification of trends by means of automated analyses of social media data which can ultimately be translated into cash flows.

Flexibility

But which factors characterise a modern forecasting system?

Besides the criteria mentioned above (a connection to existing data sources and predictive analytics), flexibility is the most important factor – in all respects.

A modern system will allow you to freely define the structure of your forecasting within just a few minutes. Regardless of whether you need standard forecasting of operational and non-operational payments and financial cash flows or whether your company mainly engages in project-related business, you should be able to freely define the structure and the details of your cash flow categorisation. On the other hand, it should also be possible to rely on templates provided by the system in order to start the process using a structure tailored to your specific industry.

At the same time, modern systems also allow you to be flexible in terms of your forecasting horizon. Everything should be possible: from short-term day-by-day forecasting required by banks for companies facing critical cash flow bottlenecks, to long-term forecasting with a horizon of several years. Top-of-the-line systems can even offer you the option of mixing daily, weekly and monthly data in order, for example, to forecast the next seven days on a daily basis, the following twelve weeks on a weekly basis and the remaining nine months on a monthly basis. You can specify how the weekly and monthly values are automatically distributed. This means that you are free to define how previous figures with a low degree of granularity appear at the weekly or daily level after the next data rollover.

Flexibility is also required when it comes to displaying the data. Modern systems offer you several features which enable you to investigate the causes of significant differences between the current and earlier forecasts. For example, switch between the various levels of granularity, whether in terms of the structure or the timeline, or compare forecast and actual figures, or even forecasts from different points in time. Thanks to these flexible display options, expensive analysis tools are no longer necessary; all you need to do is take a quick look at your system.

More than just safeguarding liquidity

The primary purpose of forecasting of course remains ensuring sufficient liquidity. Based on your current cash reserves, the cash flows captured for future time periods are aggregated to provide you with the forecast of cash available at the end of every period. This makes it possible to quickly spot cash bottlenecks.

If your system also offers you the option of managing your credit facilities and their due dates, and integrating these into your cash flow forecasting, then this will enable you to quickly determine when credit lines will need to be drawn on or when they will need to be increased. This is just one of the many aspects which make it clear how significantly you can be supported by a well-designed system.

Systems which also permit you to forecast on a currency-differentiated basis offer considerable additional benefits. This feature will allow you to capture all cash flows in the original transaction currency. The advantage here is that, as soon as you have prepared the forecast, you not only have an overview of the development of liquidity but also of your FX risk exposures. If your system also allows you to manage FX hedge transactions, a comparison of FX payments and these hedge transactions will enable you to determine your unhedged FX exposure in no time at all. The latest systems can even automatically generate hedge proposals based on the unhedged exposure which are then automatically forwarded to your trading system in a workflow-based process once these have been confirmed and approved.

Conclusion

Technological progress has made preparing a cash flow forecast easier today than ever before. Even if no liquidity bottlenecks are currently likely at your company, due to the ongoing reduction in the expenses involved, it nonetheless makes little sense to take unnecessary risks and to pass up on the advantages that comprehensive cash flow forecasting offers.

 

Gerald Dorrer – Manager TIPCO Treasury & Technology GmbH 

 

Content originally posted on Cash & Treasury Management File on 26/3/2018

 

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Does technology actually help you improve your cash management?

| 31-5-2018 | Nicolas Christiaen | Cashforce |

It is a question that many companies have been asking themselves for the past few years. Innovative, dedicated technologies may be very exciting, but the question remains: Are they worth the investment?

We believe the answer is yes, but understanding the technology & its shortcomings are key to exploiting its full potential. Companies that are missing today’s “FinTech train” might find themselves in precarious situations in the future. They risk becoming relatively less productive and might lack insights that their technology-driven competitors will have. This is certainly true when it comes to Cash & Working Capital Management. Technology is definitely an asset in today’s world, as it can help us driving value from working capital. Interconnectivity has risen significantly, with the surge of in-house banks, cash pooling, POBO, ROBO, etc., forcing treasury departments to keep up with the pace and find ways to manage complex treasury set-ups. On top of that, the number of transactions has grown to such a level that only high-level calculations can be done by humans. Technology helps companies to deal with this magnitude of data and reduces complexity by bringing visibility in companies’ cash flows.

Also, the surge of centralization (look at the number of centralized treasury teams) reduced the number of double tasks and improved the efficiency of Treasury Operations. However, at the same time, keeping treasury connected with the business is becoming the new challenge. In this continuous paradox, technology will prove helpful in connecting both worlds.

However, we need a good understanding of limits & shortcomings of technology too. Today’s systems are capable of calculating expected outcomes & action plans based on a set of parameters. However, technology is not smart enough yet to take into account all parameters (like macro-economic parameters, unexpected events, changes of policies) & and most of all human (= irrational) behavior.

There is a legitimate drive towards using technology, as complexity rises, as is the need for more transparency. Two interesting evolutions are simultaneously taking place: Niche players are betting on making the technology smarter, whilst corporates are getting better at smartly using that technology. There is no reason to believe this will stop in the near future.

 

 

 

Nicolas Christiaen

Managing Partner at Cashforce

 

Kredietbeoordeling banken: trends en ontwikkelingen

| 29-5-2018 | By Peter Schuitmaker |

 

Kredietbeoordeling door banken? Duidelijk is dat de kredietverstrekking door banken stagneert. Vandaar allerlei nieuwe initiatieven als kredietunies en crowdfunding. Ontwikkeling in de wereld van private equity, participatiemaatschappijen, investeringsfondsen zoals NPEX en de diverse mogelijkheden voor staatsgarantie Garantie Ondernemingsfinanciering, Groeifaciliteit en Borgstellingskredieten MKB. De banken doen nog wel mee. Maar dan met nieuwe spelregels: de nieuwe trends en ontwikkelingen kredietbeoordeling banken.

Traditionele beoordeling

Traditioneel werd de kredietbeoordeling door banken gebaseerd op een viertal criteria. Op de eerste plaats was dat de ondernemer. En met name zijn kennis, ervaring, zijn track-record als ondernemer, de moraliteit en zijn financiële betrokkenheid (commitment). Daarnaast telden mee de rentabiliteit (winstgevendheid), de solvabiliteit (verhouding garantievermogen (eigen vermogen) en totaal waarde van de activa) en de dekking (omvang en kwaliteit van de geboden zekerheden).

Kredietbeoordeling nieuwe stijl

Tegenwoordig worden beduidend meer aspecten meegewogen bij de kredietbeoordeling door banken. Bij een kredietaanvraag moeten deze helder in beeld gebracht worden. Deze  beoordelingscriteria moeten aantoonbaar een ruime voldoende scoren. Banken beoordelen de operationele bedrijfsmatigere risico’s, de structuur risico’s en financiële risico’s. Maar ook het eigen verdienmodel wordt meegewogen. Dit artikel behandelt recente ontwikkelingen bij het proces van de kredietbeoordeling.

Positie in de waardeketen

Een van de kernvragen bij kredietbeoordeling is: welke waarde voegt de kredietnemer toe. En in het bijzonder: wie zijn afnemers en toeleveranciers. Hierbij wordt dus gekeken naar de branche in zijn geheel. Dus de (meer algemene) kenmerken van de bedrijfstak waarin de kredietnemer actief is. Daarnaast ook meer specifiek: wie zijn met name de afnemers en toeleveranciers. Hoe is de financiële gezondheid van deze partijen. Wat is hun betalingsgedrag? En welke trends zijn er in de bediende markt die de positie in de waardeketen kan beïnvloeden. Kortom: wat zijn de hiermee verbonden bedrijfsmatige en financiële risico’s.

Primaire bedrijfsproces

Een ander aspect bij de kredietbeoordeling is de organisatie, stabiliteit en efficiëntie van het primaire (productie)proces. Welke waarde wordt toegevoegd en wat zijn de daarmee samenhangende voortbrengingskosten. Met andere woorden: hoe effectief is dat proces en welke professionele rol speelt daarin het management.

Financiële structuur

Een uitgewerkte balansanalyse is een onmisbaar onderdeel van de kredietaanvraag. Deze omvat een toelichting van de omvang  van de activa. Bijvoorbeeld: het vlottend actief. Staat het werkkapitaal wel in de juiste verhouding met de omzet en de directe kosten en inkopen? En de omvang van het vast actief? Wat was de basis van het investeringsbeleid? Wat is het gebruik van deze vaste activa? Wat zijn de bezettingsgraden? In hoeverre generen deze activa een kasstroom? Waar zitten deze risico’s?

Vermogensstructuur

Welke verplichtingen zijn er buiten de balans (huur, operationele lease). Maar ook: wat is de aard van de passiva. Hoe stabiel (zeker) zijn deze? En ook de stabiliteit van de balansverhoudingen: hoe wordt het vaste actief en vlottend actief gefinancierd? En hoe stabiel zijn deze verhoudingen?

Cashgenererend vermogen

Misschien wel het belangrijkste aspect bij de kredietbeoordeling is het vermogen om kasstromen te genereren. Wat is over langere periode de vrije kasstroom? Hoe aannemelijk is deze? Hoe getrouw is deze prognose en hoe werd deze onderbouwd? De beschikbare vrije kasstroom is de EBIT -/- winstbelasting hierover +/+ de afschrijvingen +/+ de non-cash items (mutatie voorzieningen) -/- investeringen in werkkapitaal -/- investeringen. En dan de vraag: hoe verhoudt zich deze ten opzichte van de verplichtingen aan de verstrekkers van het eigen en vreemde vermogen: noodzakelijke dividendbetalingen (om betaling van rente en aflossing van financiering in de holding mogelijk te maken), (financial) leasetermijnen, rente en aflossing van schulden van de kredietnemer.

Structuurrisico

Banken wegen vooral ook structuurrisico’s mee. Zo wordt er nadrukkelijke gekeken naar de omgeving van de kredietnemer. Binnen welke (groeps)structuur wordt geopereerd. Wat zijn de risico’s van een cashdrain naar verbonden ondernemingen? Bijvoorbeeld door intercompany transacties. Kan houvast worden gekregen op dividenduitkeringen aan moedermaatschappijen? Welke entiteiten behoren tot de creditbase: de direct verbonden kredietnemers en de (hoofdelijk) verbonden borgen. Kortom , die partijen die aangesproken kunnen uit hoofde van het verstrekte krediet. Beoordeeld wordt ook de extended creditbase. Hiertoe behoren de partijen waarvan de financiële gezondheid van invloed is op de vermogenspositie van de kredietnemer. Het kan hierbij gaan om leverancierskredieten of overige (strategische) samenwerkingspartners (of ketenpartners) die financiële belangen hebben bij de kredietnemer (lees: financieringen verstrekt).

Overige aspecten

Daarnaast zijn er een aantal criteria die meewegen zoals de juridische positie, vergunningen (bedrijfsvoering, producterkenningen en –certificeringen) en milieuaspecten. Ambities en een geïmplementeerde visie op het gebied van MVO (maatschappelijk ondernemen) helpt om paden te effenen.

Pricing

Een belangrijk criterium voor de kredietbeoordeling is het eigen verdienmodel van de bank. Waar vroeger vooral ‘volume’ van de kredietportefeuille prioriteit kende, is het tegenwoordig vooral de ‘kwaliteit’  van de kredietportefeuille die telt. Dat betekent dat de bank –naast de beoordeling van het krediet- tevens zich ervan zal vergewissen of de opbrengsten van de kredietverstrekking (rente en provisies) voldoende opwegen tegen de kosten en risico’s.

Uniform Counterparty Rating

In een financieringsrapportage moeten de voornoemde aspecten in voldoende mate worden uitgewerkt. Al deze gegevens wegen mee in de UCR systematiek: Uniform Counterparty Rating. Dit is een samenstel van financiële ratio’s en bedrijfsmatige gegevens. Financiële ratio’s zijn bijvoorbeeld operationeel resultaat / omzet, current ratio, crediteurentermijn,  totaal rentedragende schuld / EBITDA , solvabiliteit, enzovoorts. Bij een kredietaanvraag is een overzichtelijk en onderbouwd investeringsoverzicht onmisbaar. Zo wordt duidelijk om welke investering het in de kern gaat: waar zijn de gevraagde middelen voor nodig. En daarbij ook de onderbouwing: de bedrijfskundige motivatie en de bijdrage aan op het rendement en risico van de kredietnemer. Maak hierbij inzichtelijk hoe de kredietnemer het risicoprofiel zal monitoren. En wanneer welke stappen worden gezet als het risicoprofiel verslechtert.  Op deze manier bouwt u een solide kredietaanvraag die op een positieve besluitvorming van uw bank kan rekenen.

 

 

Peter Schuitmaker

Registered Advisor for Business Transfer and Succession

 

 

Segregation of Duties and Responsibilities

| 28-5-2018 | By Paul Stheeman |

Cash Pooling

 

Compliance is one of the most important factors when establishing and running a Treasury function nowadays. Increased regulatory requirements paired with concerns about fraud and cybercrime mean that CFOs want to ensure that functions and processes are aligned with the Board’s expectations and run according to recognised best practices.

So, what would an ideal departmental structure for Treasury look like? The chart below illustrates the generally accepted best way of setting up a Treasury function.

Group Treasurer.   The Group Treasurer maintains overall responsibility for the function and reports directly up to the CFO. This person will typically not be involved in the day-to-day Treasury activities.

Front Office. Front Office staff often have the not so glamourous title of dealer. These are the people who will execute transactions for the company. These will be FX transactions, but also investing or borrowing funds or executing commodity hedges.

Middle Office. People in the Middle Office are often called Treasury Controllers. Their role is to control the activities of the Front Office. They will check and confirm incoming confirmations, prepare and send outgoing ones and ensure that all transactions are done within prescribed limits and policies.

Back Office. Personnel working here are responsible for the settlement of transactions when due. They will make payments and ensure that expected incoming payments are correctly credited.

This is a rather simplified description and for several reasons will seldom reflect the actual setup at a corporate. Firstly, the activities of a Treasury function are nowadays considerably broader than just completing financial transactions, so that Treasury staff will have other responsibilities such as corporate financing or insurance. In such cases though the requirement for segregating duties is not so compelling.

A further issue is that many smaller or medium-sized companies simply do not need, nor do they have the number of staff required. Back-ups will be needed for the Front, Middle and Back Offices leading to a minimum total of 6 plus the Group Treasurer. Only large organisations with active Treasury functions can afford such a number. To solve that problem, the tasks of Middle and Back Office could be performed by the same persons. It is only the Front Office activities that really do need to be segregated.

CREDIT CARDS EN BUITENLANDSE VALUTA: WAT ZE JE NIET VERTELLEN

| 23-05-2018 | Pieter de Kiewit  | treasuryXL|

Weet jij welk deel, van wat je betaalt aan de buitenlandse winkelier, naar financiële dienstverleners gaat? Het vakantie seizoen is weer gestart en de economie draait goed. Toeristen en zakenmensen vullen de vliegtuigen en Schiphol draait vast. Mede op basis van dit artikel: https://www.forbes.com/sites/geoffreymorrison/2014/07/30/pay-in-local-or-home-currency/#778b32b73307 wil ik jullie met mijn beperkte-leken-blik informeren over de financiële keten die hoort bij jouw aanschaf van een kop koffie in London, New York of Rio de Janeiro.

Allereerst heeft winkelier een deal met een bank en vaak ook nog met een credit card company. Een vast bedrag per maand en een percentage of vast bedrag per transactie is de standaard. Een pinpas (debit card) is goedkoper dan een credit card voor de winkelier. Voor jou als consument maakt het niets uit.

Als je besluit die buitenlandse kop koffie met je credit card betaalt waarbij je alleen geïnformeerd wilt worden over jouw euro’s, dan betaal je daar een service fee over. De meesten van ons hebben geen ponden- of dollarrekening, dus daar ontkom je niet aan. Als je bijvoorbeeld een Mastercard hebt bij de ABN Amro en de winkelier handelt de credit card deal af met zijn bank, bijvoorbeeld de RBS, dan is, afhankelijk van de afspraken tussen die partijen, er een scenario mogelijk dat alle drie de partijen een transactie fee berekenen. Zijn er verschillende valuta in het spel, dan zullen partijen deze fee verhogen.

Dan hebben we het nog niet gehad over de koersen die worden gehanteerd. Wellicht weet je dat de prijs die je betaalt bij de bank voor een dollar hoger is dan wat de bank je er voor terugbetaalt als je hem terug wisselt. Terecht, iedereen verdient zijn marge. In deze deal weet je wat de koers is. Weet je wat de koers is als je je credit card gebruikt? Wie bepaalt deze?

Met deze blog wil ik niet aansluiten bij de vele bank bashers maar je wel uitnodigen door te vragen. Ik heb het gevoel dat sommige partijen misbruik maken van ons kennisgebrek en onzorgvuldigheid. Weet iemand hoeveel van een kop koffie van $2 er bij de US verkoper blijft? Of het verschil in kosten tussen een pinpas en een credit card?

Heb een goede vakantie,

 

Pieter de Kiewit

 

 

Pieter de Kiewit
Owner Treasurer Search

 

Stageplek gezocht | Wetenschappelijke onderzoeksvraag op het gebied van treasury

| 18-05-2018 | Roland Koster | treasuryXL

Voor de masteropleiding management MSc, ga ik begin juni een keuze maken welke richting ik op wil gaan in het kader van het afstuderen (eindscriptie). Ik wil dit doen in de richting ‘Financial Decision Making’ op het gebied van financiering en ben daarvoor op zoek naar bedrijf waar ik mijn onderzoeksopdracht kan uitvoeren.

Ik kan dan naast de inhoudelijke rol een probleemstelling wetenschappelijk onderzoeken waar het bedrijf ook wat aan heeft zodat er een win win situatie ontstaat.

Als jij dit leest, zie jij dan mogelijkheden? Reageer dan om een afspraak te maken om onder het genot van een kop koffie hierover van gedachten te wisselen.

Je kunt contact met me opnemen via [email protected] of 06-44480825. Ik ben terug te vinden via LinkedIn https://www.linkedin.com/in/roland-koster/

PS: Ik denk er overigens over om na deze master door te gaan voor RT.

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Best read articles of all time – PSD 2: a lot of opportunities but also big challenges (Part II)

| 16-05-2018 | François de Witte |

After having examined the detailed measures of the PSD2 in my first article, in the 2nd part we will examine the impact of PSD 2 on the market. In order to help you read the text we will once more start with a list of abbreviations.

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THIS ARTICLE

2FA    :   Two-factor authentication
AISP  :    Account Information Service Provider
API :       Application Programming Interface
ASPSP : Account Servicing Payment Service Provider
EBA :     European Banking Authority
PISP :    Payment Initiation Service Provider
PSD1:    Payment Services Directive 2007/64/EC
PSD2  :  Revised Payment Services Directive (EU) 2015/2366
PSP :     Payment Service Provider
PSU:      Payment Service User
RTS :     Regulatory Technical Standards (to be issued by the EBA)
SCA :     Strong Customer Authentication
TPP :     Third Party Provider

Impact on the market

A major implementation journey:

The ASPSP (mostly banks) will have to make large investments in order to comply with the PSD2, in the following fields:

  • Implementing  the infrastructure enabling the application of the PSD2 scheme to the currency transaction in the EU/EEA area, and to the one leg transactions.
  • Ensuring that they can respond to requests for payment initiation and account information from authorized and registered TPPs (third party providers), who have received the explicit consent of their customer for to this. They will have to develop interfaces that enable third party developers to build applications and services around a bank. Internal banking IT systems might need to be able to cope with huge volumes of requests for information and transactions, more than they were originally designed for.
  • Ensuring their security meets the requirements of the SCA (strong customer authentication). This will be a big challenge both for the banks and for the other payment service providers).

PSD2 will make significant demands on the IT infrastructures of banks. On the one hand the IT infrastructure has to be able to be interact with applications developed by the TPPs (PISP and AISP). On the other hand, banks have to develop their systems in such a way that they don’t have to do this from scratch every time a TPP approaches them. This will require a very flexible IT architecture. The banks have to have a middleware that can be used by their internal systems, but also by the applications of the PSP’s.

Although PSD2 does not specifically mention the API (Application Programming Interfaces),  most technology and finance professionals assume that APIs will be the technological standard used to allow banks to comply with the regulation.

An API is a set of commands, routines, protocols and tools which can be used to develop interfacing programs. APIs define how different applications communicate with each other, making available certain data from a particular program in a way that enables other applications to use that data. Through an API, a third party application can make a request with standardized input towards another application and get that second application to perform an operation and deliver a standardized output back to the first application. For example, approved third parties can access your payment account information if mandated by the user and initiate payment transfer directly.

In this framework, the real challenge is to create standards for the APIs specifying the  nomenclature, access protocols and authentication, etc.”. Banks will have to think about how their new API layers interact with their core banking systems and the data models that are implemented alongside this. The EBA (European Banking Authority) will develop RTS (Regulatory Technical Standard) with more detailed requirements regarding the interface between ASPSPs and TPPs. While these are expected to be published early 2017, based on the EBA’s recent draft RTS, the question is whether they will define the interface’s technical specifications.

Emergence of new players and business models

By integrating the role of new third party payment service providers (TPPs) such as the PISP and the AISP, the PSD2 creates a level playing field in the market. Several market experts expect that this will foster innovation and creating new services. For this reason PSD2 should increase competition.

This might lead to a unique open race between traditional players, such as the banks and newcomers for new services and a possible disintermediation of banking services, as illustrated in the figure down below:

Source: Catalyst or threat? The strategic implications of PSD2 for Europe’s banks, by Jörg Sandrock, Alexandra Firnges – http://www.strategyand.pwc.com/reports/catalyst-or-threat

PSD2 is likely to give a boost to the ongoing innovation boom and bring customers more user-friendly services through digital integration. One can expect that the automation, efficiency and competition will also keep the service pricing reasonable. PSD2 will foster improved service offerings to all customer types, especially those operating in the e-commerce area for payment collection. It will enable a simpler management of accounts and transactions. New offerings may also provide deeper integration of ERP functions with financial services, including of their multibank account details under a single portal, and smart dashboards.

PSD2 also enables a simplified processing chain in which the card network can be  disintermediated. The payment can be initiated by the PISP directly from the customer’s bank account through an interface with the ASPSP. In  this scheme, all interchange fees and acquirer fees as well as all the fees received by the processor and card network could be avoided. The market expects that new PISPs will be able to replace partly the transactions of the classic card schemes. A large internet retailer could for example ask permission to the consumers permitting direct account access for payment. They could propose incentive to encourage customers do so. Once permission is granted then the third-parties could bypass existing card schemes and push payments directly to their own accounts.

On the reporting side, the AISP can aggregate consumer financial data and provide consumers with direct money management services. They can be used as multi-bank online electronic banking channel. One can easily imagine that these services will be able to disintermediate existing financial services providers to identify consumer requirements and directly offer them additional products, such as loans and mortgages.

The PSD2 is for banks a compliance subject, but also an opportunity to develop their next generation digital strategy. New TPPs can provide their innovative service offerings and agility to adopt new technologies, enabling to create winning payments propositions for the customer. In turn, traditional players like banks can bring their large customer bases, their reach and credibility. Banks have also broad and deep proven data handling and holding capabilities. This can create winning payments propositions for the customer, the bank and the TPP.

Banks will have to decide whether to merely stick to a compliance approach, or to leverage on the PSD2 to develop these new services. The second approach will require to leave behind the rigid legacy structures and to change their mindset to ensure  quicker adaption to the dynamic customer and market conditions. A first mover strategy can prove to be beneficial.  Consumers and businesses will be confronted with the increased complexity linked to the multitude of disparate offerings. There also, the incumbent banks who will develop new services  can bring added value as trusted partners

Essentially, PSD2 drives down the barriers to entry for new competitors in the banking industry and gives new service providers the potential to attack the banks and disintermediate in one of their primary customer contact points. New players backed by strong investors are ready to give incumbents a serious run for their business. This is an important battle that the incumbent banks are not willing to lose.

The biggest potential benefits will be for the customers, who can access new value propositions, services and solutions that result from banks and new entrants combining their individual strengths or from banks becoming more innovative in the face of increased competition. Market experts also foresee an increased use of online shopping and e-procurement.

Several challenges to overcome

The PSD2 will be transposed in the national legal system of all the member countries. The involved market participants will have to examine the local legislation of their country of incorporation, as there might be some country-based deviations.

The authentication procedure is also an important hot topic. PISPs and AISPs can rely on the authentication procedures provided by the ASPSP (e.g. the banks)  to the customer but there are customer protection rules in place. Hence, they must ensure that the personalized security credentials are not shared with other parties. They also may not store sensitive payment data, and they are obliged to identify themselves to the ASPSP each time a payment is initiated or data is exchanged.

ASPSPs are required according to PS2 to treat payment orders and data requests transmitted via a PISP or AISP “without any discrimination other than for objective reasons”. A practical consequence for credit institutions will be that they must carry out risk assessments prior to granting payment institutions access – taking into account settlement risk, operational risk and business risk. One of  the main issue is the handling of the customer’s bank credentials by third party payment service providers. The bank needs to be able to perform strong authentication to ensure that the authorized account user is behind the initiation message

There are concerns about security aspects related to PSD2. An example hereof is the secure authentication. All the PSPs will have to ensure that they can demonstrate compliance with the new security requirements. How it will be achieved and monitored ? How will TPPs  interact with banks, since there is no need for a contract to be signed?

If something does not work correctly, there will also be discussions on the liability side. The PSD2 states that the TPP has to reimburse customers quickly enough that they are not bearing undue risk, but one will have to determine which TPP had the problem and work with them to resolve it. This will require further clarifications from the regulators.

In addition the PISP and the AISP vulnerable for to potential frauds. Web and mobile applications could become easy target for cybercriminals for various reasons, including the inherent vulnerabilities in the APIs that transfer data and communicate with back-end systems. The openness of the web could allow hackers to view source code and data and learn how to attack it. APIs have been compromised in several high-profile attacks that have caused significant losses and embarrassment for well-known players and their customers. The PSD2’s ‘access to account’  increases not only the number of APIs, but adds layers of complexity to the online banking/payments environment, adding to the risk of fraudulent attacks.

The market is waiting for the RTS (Regulatory Technical Standards) to give guidance on how some remaining security issues will be solved. These include:

  • Treatment of PSU’s (payment service user)security credentials
  • Requirements for secure communication between the PSP and banks
  • Full details and definition of strong authentication
  • Safety of the PSU funds and personal data
  • Availability of license registry for real-time identification of the PSP (PISP or AISP)

It is important that the required clarifications are published soon, in order to avoid a time lag between the implementation of PSD 2 in the national legislations and the real move in the market.

Conclusion

The PSD2 creates challenges, such as the huge investments to be made by the banks, compliance issues and protection against fraud and cybercrime. However several topics need to be clarified such as the RTS and the market players need also to agree on common standards for the interfaces. The clock is ticking in the PSD race.

Traditional players such as the banks appear to have a competitive disadvantage vis-à-vis the new emerging third party payment service providers. However, the Directive opens up new forms of a collaborative approach that can overcome this. New players can provide their innovation and resilience, whilst banks can add value thanks to their large customer base, credibility, reach and ability to cope with high volumes.

The biggest potential benefits might be for customers, who will benefit from new value propositions, services and solutions from new entrants, from banks and new entrants combining their individual strengths, or from banks becoming more innovative in the face of increased and agile competition.

François de Witte – Founder & Senior Consultant at FDW Consult and Senior Expert – Product, Business development and sales manager at Isabel Group

 

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