What is Pricing Risk (FX Risk) and how to deal with it?

22-09-2022 | Harry Mills | treasuryXL | LinkedIn

Also known as pre-transaction riskpricing risk occurs between a transaction being priced and agreed upon. It materialises when exchange rates change after a quote has been delivered, either impacting the sales margin or incurring a re-price. treasuryXL expert Harry Mills, founder & CEO of CEO Oku Markets, will explain to us what Pricing Risk is all about, and how to deal with it.

By Harry Mills

Source

Who experiences pricing risk?

Businesses experience pricing risk to a greater or lesser extent depending on the nature of their business, their marketplace, and their sales and purchasing cycles. We find it helpful to consider the following initial points when assessing pricing risk:

  1. Is the transaction FX-denominated, influenced, or relatively insensitive?
  2. What is the timeline between quoting and agreement?
  3. What impact would a +/- 5% or 10% FX move have on margins?

A transaction is “FX-denominated” when it is in a currency other than the firm’s functional currency. An example is a UK business providing a quote to an Irish business for an export sale denominated in euros (instead of GBP).

How much influence? An example…

You’ll likely have an intuitive idea of the level of influence that fluctuations in FX rates have on your transactions, but consider a UK company that designs and builds high-end bespoke summer houses (why not?):

  • The company imports unfinished timber and metal fixings priced in dollars, and sources glass and other furnishings and materials from within the UK
  • The per-unit cost of production will be affected by movements in the GBPUSD exchange rate because timber is a major cost
  • But the basket of production costs also includes the UK-sourced materials, shipping, labour (design and build), amongst others (warehousing, storage etc.)
  • So we can see that a 5% drop in GBPUSD wouldn’t result in a 5% increase in production costs – understanding this relationship and ratio is critical

“Businesses should understand the precise impact of currency fluctuations on their costs and/or revenues to determine their FX sensitivity, especially concerning pricing risk”

Harry Mills, Founder & CEO Oku Markets

One-Size doesn’t fit all

Getting to grips with pricing risk can be fairly straightforward for FX-denominated transactions with a straight-through and linear FX impact on the price, but most businesses have a more complex setup.

Many businesses are converting from a just-in-time to a just-in-case stock strategy. which can bring complexity and may add to pricing risk. It’s our view, here at Oku Markets, that there is no one-size-fits-all approach for currency management, so here’s a few areas to think about:

  • Stock cycle and costing method
  • Pricing strategy and flexibility
  • FX price sensitivity (as detailed above)
  • The competitive environment and market practices

Pricing risk can impact procurement and sales, although we mostly think about the pricing that we are delivering. What about the pricing we receive, as customers? It’s not uncommon for Chinese exporters to add a large buffer to their prices to factor in fluctuations and depreciation in the USDCNY exchange rate. Read more about China and the yuan.

So it’s worth considering and asking your suppliers and international partners about how they manage FX – is there an opportunity for increased transparency and better terms by tackling the problem together?

FX Risk Map

It might be helpful to visualise the lifecycle of a transaction to identify when currency risk occurs. Again, there is no one-size template for this – every business’ FX Risk Map will look a little different, but here’s a basic setup to get started with:

  • Pricing Risk: the FX risk between quote and agreement
  • Transaction Risk: the FX risk between agreement and settlement
  • Translation Risk: the FX risk between accounting (PO/invoice) and settlement
FX Risk Map copy-cwoah

Dealing with Pricing Risk

Three ways you can reduce pricing risk and deliver more consistent results are:

  1. Include a quote expiry date – limiting the time reduces risk
  2. Add an FX buffer to the price – 5% is typical for short periods
  3. Build an FX clause into the quote – transparency means no surprises

The most appropriate route or combination of mitigating actions is unique to each business. An online travel company delivering live holiday prices will require higher frequency updates to FX rates and a tighter quote expiry date and FX buffer when compared to a company providing quotes for custom-designed summer houses.

When it comes to an FX buffer, we suggest considering the volatility of the currency pair and adjusting for the relevant quote period.

Let us help you quantify your FX risk

Quantifying currency exposure requires thought and specialist skills and expertise. Most FX brokers lack the capabilities to do this properly, resorting instead to emotionally-charged deal-making which can result in poor outcomes for clients.

We’re proud to work transparently with our clients, and we work hard to break the asymmetry of knowledge and information in the FX market.

You can contact us for a review of your currency processes and for our guidance and suggestions at [email protected] or 0203 838 0250.

Thanks for reading 👋


 

Harry Mills, Founder at Oku Markets

Where did the treasury applicants go? | By Pieter de Kiewit

19-09-2022  treasuryXL | Pieter de Kiewit | Treasurer Search  LinkedIn

As treasury recruiters, we should know enough about corporate treasury to do intakes and screen candidates. Also, we should know the latest about what’s happening in the field of recruitment and so we read the publications of Geert-Jan Waasdorp of The Intelligence Group. I would like to share his latest, very interesting article and build the treasury connection.

By Pieter de Kiewit

Labour market pressures are not equally distributed among all employers.

I left a link if you want to read the full article but this is roughly what he says. There is a huge growth in people working since before covid. In parallel, there is a huge decline in active applicants. This pressure in the labour market is not evenly distributed among all employers. The ones that can find new employees can do so because of a strong employer brand and increased investments in own or external recruitment. Also, they are willing to decide quick and offer a better package.

So what does this mean if we project these findings on the corporate treasury labour market? My personal observation is that treasury staff is, on average, less driven by the company brand and more by the job content than candidates from other job types. We learned this working for clients like Tesla and Nike. Employer branding specifically towards treasurers would also be hard, I cannot envision a corporate recruiter promoting his manufacturing company at Eurofinance.

How to adapt?

The obvious low-hanging fruit is that the hiring manager, already at the start of the process, has to organise and choose a mindset in the following: being able to decide quickly, from fewer candidates than before, and offering more than the old standard. Even highly skilled recruiters sometimes underestimate these aspects over time.

The judgement if the internal recruitment team is equipped to tackle the search or whether an external one should do the job – we, Treasurer Search – I will not elaborate on here. What I do want to mention is another obvious source that can be opened. For some of us that are considered a paradigm shift: bringing treasury talent in from abroad, from within the EU or even sponsoring a work permit. I am aware that some of us consider this topic highly political. What I can tell, both from our own organisation, as well as from successful placements with our clients, that this can be a very successful solution. In the Dutch labour market already the majority of candidates placed by us is non-Dutch. This is not a plea to open the borders and not be critical. Regretfully we have examples where this solution did not lead to success as coming to The Netherlands can be hard for the new employee. But also locally found candidates can fail in their new job.

My conclusion is that indeed, the world is different, as is the labour market. And given current demographic developments I do not expect a shift back. Luckily there are solutions but we will have to accept the consequences and cannot lean back. Those that do will shrink and go extinct.

Good luck in your search,

Pieter

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Thanks for reading!

Pieter de Kiewit

Quickly refresh your treasury knowledge? Download our eBook: What is Treasury?

08-09-2022 | treasuryXL | LinkedIn |

Hello Treasurers, CFO’s, Cash Managers, Controllers and other Finance addicts, how do you quickly refresh your treasury knowledge? Or how do you explain ‘What Treasury is’ to family and friends? Well, there is a simple solution for it. Download our eBook: What is Treasury? 

This eBook compiled by treasury describers all aspects of the treasury function. This comprehensive book covers relevant topics such as Treasury, Corporate Finance, Cash Management, Risk Management, Working Capital Management.

This eBook was prepared by treasuryXL based on the most useful best practices offered by Treasury professionals throughout the previous years. We compiled the most crucial information for you and wrote clear, concise articles about the key topics in the World of Treasury.

We took a deeper dive into each of the above-mentioned treasury functions and highlight:

  • The purpose of each named Treasury function (What is?)
  • What specialists do
  • Examples of Activities
  • Summary of Frequently Asked Questions and answers
  • Conclusion

How to receive the eBook ‘What is Treasury’ for Free?

We simply giveaway two presents for you! By signing up for our newsletter you will automatically receive the following in your inbox:

  1. On Fridays, our Coffee Break weekly newsletter will land in your inbox. In this weekly newsletter, we will highlight the whole week full of the latest treasury news within our community.
  2. The 41 pages eBook, What is Treasury?

 

Subscribe, Join, Download and Relax.

Welcome to our community and have fun reading!

 

 

Director, Community & Partners at treasuryXL

 

 

 

 

Corporate Treasury Data Insights Refinitiv

07-09-2022 | treasuryXL | Refinitiv | LinkedIn |

 

The USDCNY historical volatility, the expert webinar on Inflation Growth & Markets, Refinitiv Corporate Treasury Newsbeat and much more. All summarised in the new Corporate Data Insights by Refinitiv.

Chart of the Month

Chart of the month

1M and 3M USDCNY historical volatility 

 

Our Chart of the Month shows 1-month volatility (in orange) and 3-month volatility (in green) for the USDCNY currency pair. It clearly demonstrates huge implications for those hedging CNY exposures.
The combination of USD rate tightening and Chinese rate easing since the start of the year – reflecting a weakening Chinese economy and Covid-19 restrictions – has meant a stronger USD, a sell-off of Chinese bonds, and significantly elevated USDCNY volatility.
Ahead of the November US mid-term elections, commentators are watching to see if Biden’s inflation imperative might outweigh the US response to China’s actions towards Taiwan. Our news partner, Reuters, unpacks this conundrum in more detail.


The Biden administration has been forced to recalibrate their thinking on whether to scrap some tariffs or potentially impose others on Beijing, according to sources familiar with the deliberations.
It has considered a combination of eliminating some tariffs, potential additional tariffs, and expanding a list of tariff exclusions to aid U.S. companies that can only get certain supplies from China.
Additional tariffs would make Chinese imports more expensive for U.S. companies, and subsequently makes products more costly for consumers. However, bringing inflation down is a major goal for Biden ahead of the November mid-term elections.
Politically there is a delicate path to tread, but recent market dynamics may suit US policy makers.

[Webinar] Inflation, Growth and Markets: Hear from the Experts |

Economies around the world are enduring inflationary pressures not experienced in decades. Rising cos

ts triggered by supply chain interruptions and wage demands as economies roared back to life post-COVID were compounded in February by Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, disrupting crucial commodity supplies. Join a panel of expert Reuters editors to discuss the issues and hear from Refinitiv’s Director of Macro and Economics on how to use Workspace and Eikon product enhancements.

How are digital assets used to evade sanctions?
There is a growing concern that criminal networks may seek to circumvent global sanctions through the use of cryptocurrency. Refinitiv is working on promoting a more coordinated global response to financial crime, focusing on protecting the digital asset space. How can we respond to the challenge? >
Everything flows: Green equity funds go red for the first time since COVID meltdown

After a volatile start to July, the FTSE 100 crept up a touch less than 250 points over the month, with other equity markets globally turning upwards in a similar fashion from late June recent lows. At the same time, the yield on the benchmark 10-year gilt was squeezed by about 90 basis points. Fund flows, however, do not reflect this—at least at the most broad-brush asset class level, with redemptions excluding money market vehicles running to £7.9bn.  Find out more about recent asset flow trends >

Breakingviews: D.C. turf war opens crypto regulatory arbitrage 

 

Cryptocurrency ventures can divide and conquer Washington’s regulatory fiefdoms. The U.S. Federal Reserve staked out its turf this week, telling lenders to notify it if they offer services for bitcoin and its ilk. Other agencies are also wrestling to oversee the $1 trillion market. The scrap provides an opportunity for some industry participants, but it hurts token owners. Read on >

Deep U.S. curve inversion hastens the recession it predicts 

An inverted U.S. Treasury yield curve almost always heralds recession, but the yawning gap between high short-term funding costs and falling long-term borrowing rates may accelerate the economic downturn it presages. Reuters columnist Jamie McGeever looks at the potential impact of an inverted U.S. treasury yield curve.

Refinitiv Corporate Treasury Newsbeat

Refinitiv issues consultation on Tokyo Swap Rate benchmarks |  Refinitiv announced the publication of a consultation paper regarding the Tokyo Swap Rate benchmarks. Refinitiv administers Tokyo Swap Rate, a Japanese yen (JPY) interest rate swap (IRS) benchmark family, which is used in the valuation of swaptions, CMS, structured loans and notes, FRNs and private finance initiatives. Read more here >
Bulgarian Stock Exchange powers sustainability index with Refinitiv ESG metrics |  The Bulgarian Stock Exchange (BSE) announced it has adopted Refinitiv’s Environment, Social and Governance (ESG) metrics to power its sustainability index set to be launched end of 2022 Read more here >
Refinitiv to launch forward looking term rate versions of ARRC recommended fallback rates this September to facilitate industry transition from USD LIBOR |  Refinitiv announces that it intends to launch forward looking term rate versions of its ARRC recommended fallback rates – USD IBOR Cash Fallbacks – in September 2022. This follows the Alternative Reference Rates Committee’s (ARRC) March 2021 announcement that it had selected Refinitiv to publish its recommended fallback rates for cash products and Refinitiv’s November 2021 announcement that it had released production fallback rates based upon various SOFR conventions.  Read more here >
For more data-driven insights in your Inboxsubscribe to the Refinitiv Perspectives weekly newsletter.

Image promoting the Corporate Treasury Data Insights newsletter. Subscribe Now!

 

RECAP | Cash and Treasury Management Event Copenhagen | By Pieter de Kiewit

06-09-2022 | cashandtreasury.dk | treasuryXL | Pieter de KiewitLinkedIn

 

Last week, Pieter de Kiewit was Chairman of the Cash & Treasury Management Conference in Copenhagen. Pieter decided to take the effort to share his experience with you.

 

By Pieter de Kiewit, Chairman of the event

Corporate treasury events come in many shapes and sizes. Earlier this year, I reported on my visit to Mannheim, in a few weeks you can expect a blog about Vienna, in this blog more about Copenhagen. I can already tell you that I liked the format and set-up of this event.

Corporate treasury markets will always be very niche. The event organiser, Insight Events, targeted a mainly Danish-Scandinavian audience. The sessions were all in English and the venue was the beautiful Hotel D’Angleterre in the heart of Copenhagen. It was also a conscious choice to keep the audience small, just under 150 and of high calibre: almost all treasurers, most of them quite senior and well informed. The consequence of this choice is also that there were no parallel sessions, all sessions were attended by the entire audience. During the break one could meet the various treasury service and product providers, including treasuryXL partner Nomentia.

Last year, I was asked to present on “how to get hired for your next treasury position” and had some questions during other sessions. Based on the bond we built, I was asked to be moderator/chairman of this year’s event. I thought it was a great gig, if it was appreciated, you just have to ask others.


The programme consisted of presentations and panel discussions led by Nordea. I was impressed by the level of quality offered. There were two macro-economic presentations, one by the Chief Economist of Nordea, a well-known TV personality in Denmark and the other by a senior director of EKF, the Danish export credit agency. Both gentlemen brought very thorough interesting insights but, given the current global developments, also a gloomy and dark future.

Another highlight was the input on ESG financing where treasurers and senior sustainability experts together informed the audience about the reality of this type of funding making in, at least for me, an inspiring way. In a cleverly constructed format, credit rating and Basel IV developments were linked in a session with the most questions from the audience.

In other, more traditional but also essential and informative sessions, building treasury teams, mergers and career development were on the agenda. And the non-treasury topic was brought up in a very entertaining way about a hacked company that does not want to pay a ransom. Relevant not only for treasurers and definitely food for thought.

Looking back, I see a very successful and high quality event. On a personal note, I always enjoy the international in my work. Me as a Dutchman, extrovert, direct and sometimes unintentionally rude, communicating with civilised, reserved Scandinavians who do not ask too many questions hopefully did not result in not being invited for next year. We shall see…..

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Thanks for reading!

Pieter de Kiewit

When Should You Start a Hedge Program?

23-08-2022 | treasuryXL | GTreasury | LinkedIn |

A popular Chinese proverb says “the best time to plant a tree was 20 years ago. The second-best time is now.” This is equally true in the world of hedging.

Source: Hedge Trackers, a GTreasury Company

We’ve seen volatility in currency markets, with the EUR falling 9 percent between Labor Day and Thanksgiving. We’ve seen volatility in commodities, with some commodity prices doubling and tripling and oil prices approaching 10-year highs. And short-term interest rates may quadruple in a year.

Companies that have well-run hedge programs have time to prepare and adjust to these forces. But what if you’ve been waiting for “the best time” or “the right time” to hedge?

Two years ago, we were surprised with a global pandemic – when everything settles down, will it be a good time to start a hedge program? Before we even have a chance to assimilate that, we are now faced with war in Europe. Sanctions, which will almost certainly be followed by more sanctions and more volatility, and which will be followed by what? Are you feeling like you’ve missed the opportunity to start hedging?

It’s never too late to set up a hedge program.

Now, just like last week, last year, and five years ago, the steps are the same.

  • Determine what your objective is. As our own Helen Kane says, “I believe that most hedge programs should take a deep breath, step back and determine what is really the objective…. Are they trying to protect margins? Are they trying to lock in budgeted earnings? Are they smoothing the year-over-year impact of currency into their financials?”
  • Once you know your objective, identify and quantify your exposuresInvestigate the start of the exposure (often not easy to identify) and its end. The answers will be different depending on your hedge objective, and that’s why it’s critical to get that objective determined first. It is expected that you would have different objectives for different exposures.
  • You’re ready to start working on your policy, detailing what exposures will be managed with what strategies/derivatives over what time frame. You may want to consider some flexibility in the policy to systematically take advantage (or not), with clear guidelines generational rate movements – allowing more or less (but not zero) hedging in those times when rates hit 5- or 10-year highs or lows. This provides a framework to contemplate those things that we thought were so rare that we wouldn’t see them in our lifetime. Remember those days?
  • There are other documents that will be necessary. If not addressed directly in your policy, you’ll want a guideline for accounting and an appropriate control structure. You’ll also need to make sure that inception documentation supporting any special hedge accounting is compliant.
  • You’ll need to set up a process for collecting exposures at different stages (anticipated, recognized, impacting earnings, settled).
  • Make sure that you have a good working relationship and legal framework (ISDA) with your counterparties and that you set up a good process for trading and competitive bidding.
  • Of course, trade management and special hedge accounting should not be left to spreadsheets. We’d be happy to introduce you to CapellaFX, which not only is a trade repository but also accumulates your exposure data (existing and anticipated), applies hedge decisions, designates and documents exposures, drives your hedge accounting and provides effectiveness tests. Most importantly, it is user-friendly for both Treasury and Accounting and doesn’t require a derivative specialist to use or implement.

Conclusion

Does all of this seem daunting? It doesn’t have to be. Hedge Trackers can help you with every step. We have the people and the systems to assist your team, or you can offload some or all of the process to us.

Returning to our original question on the best time to plant the tree – or start a hedging program. If you haven’t already done so, recall that the next best time to start is right now.


Harmonisation of FRTB data compliance requirements by local jurisdictions is crucial

09-08-2022 | treasuryXL | Refinitiv | LinkedIn |

 

Banks face uncertainty over changing responsibilities under the Fundamental Review of the Trading Book (FRTB), but potential jurisdictional divergence on new requirements for data vendors could add greater complexity to the roll-out of these new rules.

Read more

Cash & Treasury Management: Join The World’s Leading Experts in Copenhagen

04-08-2022 | cashandtreasury.dk | treasuryXL | LinkedIn

 

Featuring Chairman of the event, Pieter de Kiewit – Owner of Treasurer Search

 

Be a part of the exclusive Cash & Treasury Management Conference on the 1st of September 2022, which will be held in the extraordinary luxury settings at Hotel d’Angleterre in Copenhagen.

Get updated, expand your network, and get inspiration for optimizing your work within the Cash & Treasury Management community.

 

 

The international program consists of selected and experienced speakers that have proven success within a certain area of Cash & Treasury as e.g., ESG, digitalization and Cash Management. The conference brings together a selected group of high-level senior treasurers from global organizations. Learn from your international peers and join the exclusive network. The event ensures you a full day of new knowledge and inspiration made for high level Treasurers. You get in-depth with the latest trends, valuable content from recognized speakers and extensive networking opportunities.

Among others, these topics have been selected for this year’s conference:

  • Sustainability financing – experiences one year down the road
  • Proprietary data driven cash flow forecasting model
  • How we integrated Nets Group Treasury in to Nexi Group treasury
  • Experiences from a massive hacking attack
  • A career within Novo Nordisk treasury
  • Macroeconomic trends and predictions

 

As part of TreasuryXL’s network we offer treasurers 25 % discount.

Sign up now and join us 1 September – Remember to use the code when signing up: TreasuryXL25

 

 

Read the program and learn more about participation and sponsorship opportunities: cashandtreasury.dk

 

 

 

 

Treasurers Get Strategic About Hedging Programs as Interest Rates Keep Rising

02-08-2022 | treasuryXL | GTreasury | LinkedIn |

The current interest rate landscape (read: rates going up for the foreseeable future) is spurring treasurers and the office of the CFO to implement rate hedging strategies at a faster clip. For many organizations, hedge programs are a new initiative—and it can take some understanding to know what they do and what to look for from companies that offer them.


Farah Lotia, the Director of Interest Rate and Quantitative Analytics at Hedge Trackers (a GTreasury company), discusses what interest rate hedge programs are, the ROI benefit they deliver treasures, how to get started with them, and why there has never been a more advantageous time to implement them.

What is a yield curve or interest rate curve? (Dutch Item)

25-07-2022 | Erna Erkens | treasuryXL | LinkedIn |

Valutacoach en currency specialist Erna Erkens legt uit wat er met een yieldcurve of rentecurve wordt bedoeld. Grijp op je winst door er meer kennis over te vergaren. En nog belangrijker, wanneer je er goed naar moet kijken, en hoe!

Oorspronkelijke bron



Met de yieldcurve of rentecurve wordt bedoeld de rente van de korte naar de lange rente. In een grafiek wordt op de X-As (horizontaal) de looptijden van de rentes weergegeven. Het begint met de of 3 maands rente en het eindigt op de X-As met de 30 jaars rente. Op de Y-as staat het rentepercentage.

Vaak komt de yieldcurve of de rentecurve ter sprake bij vermogensbeheer. Het gaat dan meestal over obligaties. Vaak staatsobligaties. Maar wat betekent dit eigenlijk? Waarvoor wordt de yieldcurve gebruikt? In dit artikel leggen we uit wat de yieldcurve precies is, hoe je deze curve interpreteert en waarvoor het wordt gebruikt.

  1. Wat is een yieldcurve?
  2. Waar wordt een yieldcurve voor gebruikt?
  3. Welke soorten yieldcurve zijn er?
  4. Zo gebruiken de banken de rentecurve/ yieldcurve
  5. Welke factoren bepalen de rentestructuur?
  6. Hoe interpreteer je een yieldcurve?

Wat is een yieldcurve of rentecurve?

De yieldcurve kent meerdere benamingen. Hij wordt ook wel rentecurve of rentegrafiek genoemd. Het is een  grafiek van de korte rente naar de lange rente. Vaak van staatsobligaties. In dat geval gaat het om de rendementen. Maar het komt ook ter sprake bij financieringen van bedrijven. Als je een keus moet maken voor een periode van de financiering is het een leidraad van hoe de rentetarieven per periode liggen.

Volgens het woordenboek betekent yield: opbrengst, productie, oogst, rendement. Het rendement op obligaties, inclusief de jaarlijkse rentebetalingen, de aankoopprijs en de tijd tot de afloop van de obligatie. Een obligatie  met een hoge rente zal meer waard worden op het moment dat de marktrente zakt. Een obligatie met een hoge rente zal minder waard worden op het moment dat de marktrente verder stijgt. Dus soort van tegengesteld. Dat klinkt ingewikkeld en dat is het ook.

In de grafiek wordt het verloop van de rente van 3 maanden (korte rente) tot 30 jaar (lange rente) weergegeven. De horizontale X as geeft de looptijd aan en de verticale Y-as het rentepercentage.

Waar wordt een yieldcurve voor gebruikt?

Om te bepalen wat de contante waarde van een bedrag in de toekomst waard zal zijn gebruikt men de yieldcurve. Dit is een korte uitleg voor eigenlijk iets heel ingewikkelds waar we in dit artikel niet dieper op in gaan. Wil je hier meer over weten? Neem dan gerust even vrijblijvend contact met mij op, dan leg ik het graag uit.

De twee elementen in de curve worden afgeleid van de rente van de Centrale Banken. Zij bepalen de hoogte van de korte rentes. Voor de Eurolanden is dit de ECB, maar indirect ook onze eigen Centrale Bank, De Nederlandse Bank (DNB). Wij hebben ook nog onze eigen staatsleningen, maar natuurlijk worden die ook afgeleid van de rente van de ECB. Maar soms hebben sommige Eurolanden een groter risico. Zoals 10 jaar geleden Griekenland en nog meer Zuid Europese landen. Dan krijg je meer rente, maar loop je wel een groter risico dat je je geld niet terugkrijgt als je in deze leningen investeert of belegt. Daarnaast zegt de rentecurve of yieldcurve iets over de renteverwachting van de markt.

Welke soorten yieldcurve zijn er?

Hoe langer de looptijd van de rente, hoe moeilijker het is om de toekomst in te schatten van deze rente en hoe hoger de vergoeding zou moeten zijn om te compenseren voor dit hogere risico. Hoe korter de looptijd, zoals binnen een jaar, hoe kleiner de kans op grote verschillen in deze rente ten opzichte van de huidige situatie.
In een ‘normale rentecurve’ is de korte rente het laagst en stijgt de rente naarmate de looptijd langer wordt. Die stijgende rente voor langere looptijden komt in principe omdat jaarlijks in ieder geval de inflatie gecompenseerd wordt en door onzekerheid over de toekomstige renteontwikkeling.

De componenten in de rentecurve zijn de reële rente, de inflatieverwachting en de renterisicopremie

We kennen de volgende yieldcurves:
1. De vlakke yieldcurve
2. De normale yieldcurve
3. De omgekeerde of inverse yieldcurve

De vlakke yieldcurve

Als de rentes van de verschillende looptijden ongeveer gelijk zijn, spreken we van een vlakke rentecurve. Je ziet een vrijwel gelijke horizontale lijn in de grafiek.

Voor de banken is dit geen gunstige rentegrafiek. Zij verdienen meestal geld aan het kort aantrekken van spaargelden en het uitzetten van gelden voor een langere periode, bijvoorbeeld door hypotheken met een lange vast rente. Een vlakke yieldcurve komt ook niet vaak voor, meestal is er een normale rentestructuur waarbij de lange rentes hoger zijn dan de korte rentes. Als een vlakke rentecurve weer naar een normale rentecurve gaan met lage korte rentes en hogere lange rentes is dat een teken dat de economie weer aantrekt na economische krimp, waarbij een vlakke yieldcurve of zelfs een inverse yieldcurve geen uitzondering is.

De normale yieldcurve

Een normale yieldcurve ontstaat als de markt verwacht dat er inflatoire druk zal optreden. De rente is naast compensatie voor het risico ook voor de geldontwaarding. Om te zorgen dat de koopkracht aan het einde van de looptijd gelijk is zal degene die het geld uitleent compensatie willen.
Als inflatie stijgt kun je minder kopen voor 1 euro dan voorheen. Daardoor is er dan een hogere rente nodig. Op dat moment worden er lang(er)lopende obligaties verkocht. Dit zorgt weer voor een daling van de koersen van de obligaties en een verhoging van de rentevergoedingen ten opzichte van de koers. Het effectief rendement, de rente, zal dus stijgen. In de grafiek zie je dat de lijn linksonder begint en rechtsboven eindigt.

De omgekeerde of inverse yieldcurve

Bij deze yieldcurve zie je dat de lijn in de grafiek linksboven begint en rechtsonder eindigt. Dat betekent dat de korte rente hoger is dan de lange rente. Dit is wel een uitzonderlijke situatie en duurt meestal niet zo heel lang. Een langere looptijd heeft meer risico’s waardoor de rente vaak hoger is. Een omgekeerde rentecurve zie je vaak als de economische onzekerheid toeneemt. Er worden in de nabije toekomst economisch zwaardere tijden verwacht.

Zo gebruiken de banken de rentecurve

Bij een normale rentecurve kunnen de banken geld verdienen aan deze rentecurve. Zij geven consumenten rente voor hun spaargeld. Dat geld lenen zij vervolgens tegen een hogere rente uit aan anderen. Het verschil tussen de korte rente, de lange rente minus de gemaakte kosten is de winst voor de bank. Als de korte rente hoger is dan de lange rente lijdt de bank dus verlies met een negatieve marge. Dat was van 2013 tot 2021 een groot probleem voor de banken.

Welke factoren bepalen de rentestructuur?

Er zijn veel factoren die de rentestructuur bepalen. We bespreken hier de drie belangrijkste:

  1. De verwachtte ontwikkeling van de rente:
    Als er een rentestijging wordt verwacht kan de yieldcurve sneller gaan stijgen. Dit komt omdat langer lopende leningen worden verkocht door beleggers. Als men verwacht dat de rente zal dalen kan dat een vlakke of omgekeerde/ inverse yieldcurve tot gevolg hebben.
  2. Liquiditeit:
    Door de grote liquiditeit wordt de korte rente lager. Hiermee wordt het inflatierisico namelijk ook beperkt.
  3. Kredietwaardigheid:
    De uitgever van een obligatie is een debiteur. De kredietwaardigheid van de debiteur heeft invloed op een eventuele rente-opslag, (creditspread) die door de beleggers worden geëist. Nederland en Duitsland zijn landen die veiliger worden geacht dan bijvoorbeeld Griekenland. Griekenland zal daardoor waarschijnlijk een hogere rente moeten betalen voor hun staatsobligaties dan Nederland.

Hoe interpreteer je een yieldcurve?

Een rentecurve is echt een momentopname. Wat je vandaag ziet kan morgen weer heel anders zijn. Maar heel snel zal een rentecurve geen grote veranderingen laten zien. Het is niet zoals bij valutakoersen. Deskundigen kijken naar de ontwikkeling van de curve en anticiperen daarop met hun beleggingen en investeringen.
Als ondernemer kun je de yieldcurve gebruiken om een gevoel te krijgen van de economische ontwikkeling van de markt. Met een omgekeerde yieldcurve is de verwachting dat er economisch zware tijden aankomen. Vaak hebben we daarna te maken met een vlakke yieldcurve waarbij je ziet dat de economie weer langzaam aantrekt. Is de yieldcurve stijl met een lage korte rente en een hoge lange rente, dan zitten we in een groeiende economie met redelijk normale rentestanden.


Owner at EEVA