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Blockchain: what happened during my stay in South Africa? (Part I)
| 28-12-2016 | Carlo de Meijer |
A number of interesting reports were launched, amongst others by Euroclear and Deloitte. And there has been growing blockchain and distributed ledger activity in the financial industry from start-ups, to banks, central banks, the market infrastructure and consortia. But also from advisory companies, central government bodies and others.
In this first article I will focus on two reports and on startups.
REPORTS
A new report by Euroclear has looked at the regulatory and legal aspects of the use of blockchain technology in post-trade settlement in a European context. The report found that central securities depositories (CSDs) would play an important role in a blockchain-based settlement system. It also stated that regulators should not fear the use of smart contracts and distributed ledger technology any more than any other automated computer-based process prevalent throughout the settlement industry.
As ‘custodians of the code,’ CSDs could exercise oversight of, and take responsibility for, the operation of the relevant blockchain protocol and any associated smart contracts. CSDs may continue to perform an important role as trusted, centralised FMIs (financial market institutions), providing gatekeeping services and oversight of the relevant blockchain.
With the implementation of a DLT-based settlement process there is no need to change the existing regulatory architecture. The authors believe that a blockchain-based settlement system would not present a weaker cybersecurity proposition than any present system, which is not immune to cybersecurity. By allowing regulators to participate as a node in the blockchain system, they could have complete oversight of all the transactions occurring within the settlement system and receive transparent transaction data in real time.
According to a recent Deloitte online survey of more than 300 senior executives at large US companies in order to find out about corporate sentiment towards blockchain technology, understanding of the technology is uneven and many senior executives (39 per cent) still know little or nothing about it, while others place it among their company’s highest priorities.
The survey revealed that blockchain investment and adoption patterns may be more complex than many observers believe. For instance, despite the relative immaturity of the technology, 21 percent of Blockchain-informed senior executives across a wide range of industries indicated that their firms have already brought blockchain into production, and 25 percent plan to do so within the next year. Key findings from the survey showed that 28 per cent of respondents had invested $5 million or more in blockchain technology, while 10 per cent had invested $10 million or more. Looking forward, 25 percent of respondents expect to invest more than $5 million in Blockchain technology during the next calendar year.
Many of these blockchain-informed executives (more than a quarter) see the technology as crucial for their company and their industry. Fifty-five percent of this group said their company would be at a competitive disadvantage if it failed to adopt the technology. Forty-two percent of those surveyed who claimed some knowledge of Blockchain believe it will disrupt their industry.
STARTUPS
Goldman, JPMorgan take a stake in blockchain startup Axoni
Goldman Sachs and JPMorgan Chase have announced finalizing an investment that is said to be in a range of USD 15 million to USD 20 million) in blockchain startup Axoni. The Axoni deal represents the latest Wall Street effort to gain traction with blockchain technology. Axoni is a New York-based technology company that helps banks and other institutions develop blockchain software to run capital markets processes. Furthermore, other financial institutions including inter-dealer broker ICA, Plc’s venture arm, are also interested in investing in the startup.
Over the past six months, Axoni has run a number of high-profile experiments with some of the financial industry’s largest players, in areas such as post-trade processing of credit default swaps and foreign exchange.
Digital Asset rolls out blockchain platform allowing confidential trades
Blockchain startup Digital Asset Holdings (DAH) has developed a platform to allow traders use blockchain technology without giving out confidential information on their trades. The new platform provides a solution to confidentiality issues holding back adoption of the blockchain technology in financial markets. They solve the privacy issue by dividing the distributed ledger of transactions into two components: one where participants can confidentially store their transactions data, and another that is shared by all participants without the confidential data.
Moreover, the new platform will form the basis of the technology that DAH is building for financial institutions including Australian stock exchange ASX and US post trade services provider the Depository Trust and Clearing Corporation (DTCC).
Manifold Technology rolls out easy-to-use blockchain platform
Manifold Technology, a US-based fintech, has made its patented blockchain platform available allowing non-technical developers to build enterprise-ready, blockchain-enabled applications. The platform has already been used by the Royal Bank of Canada for a rewards program, and by R3CEV consortium member banks to demonstrate instant trading of fixed income assets. The fintech’s platform can handle more than 10,000 transactions per second in operational environments, surpassing the largest credit card companies that can handle between 2,000 and 8,000 transactions per second.
Stellar’s blockchain powers ICICI Bank’s money transfers in India
Stellar, the open blockchain platform and non-profit payment protocol has partnered with ICICI Bank to bring low-cost, near instantaneous remittance solutions in India, the Philippines, Africa and Europe. Besides the bank, other three new partners in some of the largest remittance markets in the world were revealed by Stellar including: Philippines-based financial inclusion-focused fintech startup Coins.ph, pan-African fintech company Flutterwave which is notably plugged into the popular M-Pesa network, and French remittance provider Tempo Money Transfer, a licensed money transfer operator in Europe. This will allow Stellar customers be able to move money from France to Nigeria to Kenya to India in real-time and securely.
Overstock Issues Shares Using the Bitcoin Blockchain
Overstock.com, the online retailer, has become the first publicly-traded company to issue stock over the Internet, distributing more than 126,000 company shares using the blockchain technology. The company announced in October that it would allow its stockholders to purchase shares of its preferred stock. The company is making the offering to demonstrate its tØ platform, while providing its stockholders the opportunity to participate and trade exclusively using the platform.
Fintech Firm Wyre Raises $5.8 Million for “Fastest Blockchain Cross-Border Payments Platform”
San Francisco-based Fintech startup Wyre has launched its blockchain remittance platform alongside a successful $5.8 million funding round. Wyre intends to add its blockchain solution as a layer on top of existing blockchain-based platforms adopted by payment giants around the world. Fundamentally, the Wyre platform works by taking deposits from large payment companies via an API. These transactions are sent over Wyre’s ledger. Wyre then delivers the funds as per the transaction’s instructions, “typically in less than six hours”. Wyre’s focus lays in the cross-border payments corridor between China and the United States.
Sources: Euroclear Report: Blockchain Settlement – Regulation, Innovation, and Application, Deloitte Survey: Corporate Executives Having Hard Time Wrapping Heads Around Blockchain, Carlo de Meijer/LinkedIN article
Carlo de Meijer
Economist and researcher
Will the European banks strike back?
| 27-12-2016 | Hans de Vries |
As a result of the internet experience, banks had to deal with the fact that their systems were not able to cope with the subsequent demands of the 24/7 demands of the retail market. Paypal attacked the weakspot of the banks by introducing their worldwide internet banking solution. Downside of this approach is of course the fact that the consumer had to first open and credit their Paypal accounts, before they were able to use this payment method. And of course the merchants had to support this payment method as well and find ways to collect their funds. As an alternative creditcard payments were implemented and local solutions like I-Deal in the Netherlands, Mister Cash in Belgium etc. All these alternatives had their ups and downsides looking at costs and reachability. Most important value of these solutions were that the Merchant was to some extent sure that he received the funds before delivering the goods. And it worked both ways, the consumers were also sure that the goods would be delivered as soon as the transaction was finished.
With the upcoming introduction of the SEPA instant credit transfer scheme, as announced by the EPC last month, this whole picture is about to change. The EPC describes the SCT Inst scheme as “a world first, enabling individuals, businesses, corporates and administrations to make instant euro credit transfers between accounts across an international area that will progressively span over 34 European countries. This implicates that the consumers can directly debit their accounts and instantly transfer their funds to their beneficiaries all over Europe with the same effect as the current local schemes like I-Deal. This means that Internet Merchants all over Europe are by now reachable for the total European consumer market. Of course it will take some time before all banks are able to support this service and are also able to provide the consumers as well as the Merchants with the tools to obtain the information real time. However, the PSD2 regulations will certainly support this development and the FINtech industry will make sure that the information flows are connected to allow for flawless operations. By implementing the SEPA instant credit transfer scheme the European banks are able to recover lots of grounds they lost uptill now to external parties like Paypal: the banks will strike back! And they will have to in order to survive in today’s world.
Hans de Vries
Treasury/ Cash Management Consultant
4 financiële problemen die bedrijven in gevaar kunnen brengen – Deel II
| 21-12-2016 | Jan Meulendijks | Olivier Werlingshoff | FM.nl |
Maandag plaatsten wij het artikel ‘4 financiële problemen die bedrijven in gevaar kunnen brengen‘ waarin twee experts een reactie gaven op het artikel, dat op 12 december op FM.nl geplaatst is. Naar aanleiding van dit artikel hebben we nog meer reacties mogen ontvangen, die wij jullie niet willen onthouden.
De 4 problemen nogmaals op een rij:
1. Acuut probleem (illiquiditeit)
Bedrijven gaan vaak failliet, omdat ze geen cash meer hebben. Het gaat mis als er onvoldoende cash is om aan kortlopende financiële verplichtingen te kunnen voldoen.
2. Chronisch probleem(organisatie is onrendabel)
Een onderneming kan jarenlang verlies lijden, maar toch blijven voortbestaan zolang er maar geld is.
3. Structureel probleem (insolvabiliteit)
Van insolvabiliteit spreek je wanneer er iets mis is met de vermogensstructuur van een onderneming.
4. Strategisch probleem (toekomstplannen)
Een onderneming heeft een strategisch probleem wanneer het management niet goed in zicht heeft hoe de markt veranderd en hoe de onderneming haar toekomstplannen daarop moet aanpassen.
Onze experts reageren als volgt:
Jan Meulendijks:
Volgens mij leidt een strategisch probleem op kortere of langere termijn ook tot de andere 3 problemen, waarbij ik het “chronisch” probleem min of meer gelijk stel met het strategisch probleem.
Geen visie of een verkeerde visie zal een onderneming onherroepelijk ten onder doen gaan tenzij er bijsturing plaatsvindt. De auteur van het artikel legt sterk de nadruk op cash genereren, meer nog dan op winst genereren. Cash is inderdaad het belangrijkste om in leven te blijven, maar die cash moet dan wel voortkomen uit de bedrijfsactiviteiten en bijvoorbeeld niet uit verkoop van activa simpelweg omdat er geen andere cash genererende mogelijkheden meer zijn.
Investeerders/financiers kijken ook vooral naar het cash genererend vermogen van de investeringen die met hun geld worden gedaan. Gaan die zoveel cash genereren dat minimaal de aflossing en rente op de additionele investeringen gedaan kunnen worden? Liefst natuurlijk nog beter dan dat, zodat er ook nog een bijdrage aan de winst/vermogenspositie wordt gedaan.
Het voorbeeld van Blokker zal inderdaad een praktijktest zijn, zijn die 200 miljoen inderdaad cash genererend?
Een veel voorkomend praktijkvoorbeeld van een strategisch probleem is de aankoop van een bedrijfspand, zeker in tijden van hoge rente; hiervoor gaan ondernemingen vaak grote leningen/financieringen aan, terwijl er nauwelijks tot geen extra cash mee wordt gegenereerd t.o.v. een huurpand. Het pand is dan een blok aan het been.
De treasurer zal als eerste de acute problemen signaleren, en kan van daaruit naar control en commercie waarschuwen. Hopelijk is dat tijdig…
Jan Meulendijks
Cash management, transaction banking and trade professional
Olivier Werlingshoff:
Wat ik met name heb gemerkt tijdens opdrachten is dat bedrijven die momenteel (nog) geen liquiditeitsprobleem hebben dit onderdeel ook geen aandacht geven.Tenminste onvoldoende aandacht. Liquiditeiten zijn er genoeg en hierdoor bestaat er onvoldoende belangstelling voor cash bij zowel de directie en hierdoor ook bij de medewerkers in zijn geheel.
Liquiditeitsplanningen zijn een “verplicht nummer” die snel ergens binnen de organisatie, meestal door de Control afdeling wordt opgesteld op basis van de V&W rekening. Andere bedrijfsonderdelen worden daarbij niet of nauwelijks betrokken. Afwijkingen worden vaak niet gerapporteerd of kunnen niet worden verklaard.Je zou denken dat het dak gemaakt moet worden wanneer het niet regent!
Een directeur vroeg mij een keer, toen ik hem sprak over debiteuren die te laat betaalden, “hebben wij nu, op dit moment een probleem?” Liquiditeit technisch niet, dus wist ik gelijk waar ik op de prioriteitenlijst stond, onderaan dus! Ik werd vreemd aangekeken toen ik vroeg of hij problemen zou hebben als zijn salaris een keer drie maanden later betaald zou worden. Doel van mijn opmerking was om het geheel te vertalen naar de persoonlijke sfeer. Wat gebeurt er wanneer gelden niet of niet tijdig binnenkomen?
Kortom er wordt inderdaad vaak pas ingegrepen wanneer de liquiditeiten een probleem vormen en meestal is het dan te laat of net niet maar moeten er rigoureuze maatregelen getroffen worden.
‘Cash awareness’ promoten door verschillende afdelingen te betrekken bij het opstellen van een liquiditeitsplanning is naar mijn weten de eerste actie die kan worden opgezet om meer ‘feeling’ te krijgen bij wat er binnen een organisatie speelt. Het ‘under control’ krijgen van de organisatie.
Olivier Werlingshoff
Managing Consultant at Proferus