Tag Archive for: FX

Follow up: Valutaoorlog

| 19-08-2016 | Simon Knappstein |

valutaoorlog

 

Gisteren publiceerden we al een artikel over de valutaoorlog die volgens een bericht in het Financieele Dagblad gaande is. De winnaar lijkt degene te zijn met de meest dalende munt. Experts Erna Erkens en René Schilder gaven hun mening over deze vermeende valutastrijd. Vandaag is FX expert Simon Knappstein aan de beurt om zijn visie met ons te delen.

 

 

Deze valutaoorlog is in 2009 begonnen door de Fed toen die besloot de wereld met een tsunami van dollars te overspoelen. Nadien volgden de BoJ en de ECB waarbij beide Centrale banken het doel om inflatie te importeren door de munt te verzwakken overduidelijk nastreefden.

Ondertussen lijkt het mes van de geldverruiming behoorlijk bot geworden. EUR/USD bevindt zich al 2,5 jaar rond de 1.10 waarmee het effect op de inflatie op jaarbasis nul geworden is. En voor de JPY lijken de factoren zoals de status als safe haven plus het uitblijven van renteverhoging in de US zwaarder te wegen dan de geldverruiming en negatieve rentes, want de JPY is in de afgelopen tijd alleen maar in waarde gestegen.

Ik verwacht dat macro-economische factoren de komende tijd verder de overhand zullen gaan krijgen over monetaire factoren bij het richting geven aan valutakoers ontwikkelingen.

Simon Knappstein - editor treasuryXL

 

Simon Knappstein

Owner of FX Prospect

 

 

USD/TRY, where to after the failed coup?

02-08-2016 | Simon Knappstein |

TRY

 

In my July consensus FX forecasts report USD/TRY was expected to rise to 3.11 in 12 months’ time. These forecasts were given prior to the attempted coup. 

 

 

USD TRY

Now, two weeks further, the domestic situation in Turkey is clearly stabilising and it is a fine moment to take a look at the opinions of ING and Rabo on the outlook for USD/TRY. Rabo is currently expecting that USD/TRY will move to 2.90 in 1 year and ING is looking for USD/TRY to rise to 3.35 in 1 year’s time.

Rabo holds a relatively constructive view on the Lira based on a fairly strong economic growth and a high carry that tempts investors looking for yield. At the same time it sees the fact that Moody’s may downgrade Turkey’s credit rating to below investment grade as a clear risk. Such a downgrade, based on the post-coup political situation of increased concentrated political powers in the hands of President Erdogan that might lack the necessary rule of law and checks and balances, might trigger another wave of capital outflows from Turkish bonds and weaken the TRY significantly.
ING focuses on the easing cycle and also on the risk of a downgrade, both factors that would clearly keep the TRY under pressure. Furthermore it still sees idiosyncratic risks like the current account deficit, the large currency risk carried by the corporate sector and geopolitical risks all pointing to a weaker TRY.

My take away from this for the near term is that in the current benign market conditions the high carry may be the most important factor supporting the TRY and drive USD/TRY lower. A major risk is that Turkey’s credit rating may be downgraded to junk, maybe already within the next couple of days, which would seriously weaken the TYR.

Simon Knappstein - editor treasuryXL

Simon Knappstein

Owner of FX Prospect

 

De markt is veranderd.

| 06-07-2016 | René Schilder |

marktDe afgelopen week zijn er grote verschillen gezien in de koers van de Britse pond na de uitslag van het referendum. In januari 2015 werd de markt ook al eens verrast door een onverwachte gebeurtenis: De Zwitserse Centrale Bank (SNB) veroorzaakte toen een schokgolf met het onverwacht loslaten van de ‘peg’ tussen de EUR en de CHF.

De paniek die toen ontstond op de valutamarkt zorgde ervoor dat er geen koers van EURCHF bekend was. Dit betekende dat het op dat moment niet mogelijk was om een transactie af te sluiten voor EURCHF. De grote les die toen door marktpartijen is geleerd, is het onderling opnieuw afstemmen van de exacte definitie van een order. Een stop loss order kan voor een grote afwijking (verlies) zorgen (er zijn meerdere brokers die dag failliet gegaan vanwege deze gebeurtenis). In de week voor het Britse referendum hebben meerdere banken een signaal afgegeven aan partijen die werken met FX orders hier zeer voorzichtig mee om te gaan.

Banken zijn altijd een zeer actieve marktpartij geweest in de valutahandel. De grootbanken hadden zelfs een proprietary desk. Hier handelde men voor ‘eigen rekening en risico’. Deze handelaren kwamen in actie als er grote bewegelijkheid was in de markt. Men nam orders op hun eigen boek voor een aantal uren/dagen in verwachting dat als de rust op de markt zou terug keren de liquidatie van deze order een betere prijs voor hen zou opleveren. Deze proprietary desks zijn altijd een betrouwbare vorm van liquiditeit geweest. Door veranderende regelgeving is het voor banken tegenwoordig verboden om aan proprietary trading te doen.

Tegenwoordig werken marktpartijen ook met ‘algorithmic orders’, dit is automatische executie via handelssystemen (in het verlengde daarvan heeft High Frequency Trading ook de FX markt ontdekt). Dit zorgt er in de praktijk voor dat bij onverwachte gebeurtenissen iedereen op hetzelfde moment door dezelfde deur naar buiten wil. Voorbeeld hiervan was afgelopen 7 juni 2016, toen de GBP tegen de USD binnen 1 minuut meer dan 1,5 % in waarde steeg. Binnen een paar minuten was die winst weer verdwenen. Reden = onbekend. De veranderende markt heeft dus een impact op liquiditeit.

Doordat veel handel tegenwoordig elektronisch is, kan een gerucht al snel voor een paniekreactie zorgen. Als dat dan later niet wordt bevestigd, blijft de transactie gewoon staan en kan een gevoel van slechte timing achterblijven. Bij dit soort marktsentimenten is het zeer aan te bevelen risico’s die afgedekt moeten worden zo snel mogelijk uit te voeren en niet te speculeren op een beter moment. De ervaring leert dat zelfs de echte professionals daar hun vingers niet aan willen (en mogen) branden.

Voor bedrijven en financiële instellingen die hedging policies voor hun treasury hebben, is nu een belangrijk moment om te kijken of deze goed hebben gefunctioneerd over de afgelopen periode.
Zorg dat de mandaten die er zijn voor executie, helder en transparant zijn omschreven. Juist in deze periode mag er geen enkele twijfel bestaan over wat van de mensen die op de treasury werken wordt verwacht. Veel handel is tegenwoordig computergestuurd (ook bij de banken) en dan kan een goede controle geen overbodige luxe zijn. Voor alle Nederlandse bedrijven die internationaal opereren is de boodschap hetzelfde: neem de tijd om goed in kaart te brengen welke financiële risico’s er zijn, nu deze markten wereldwijd grote schommelingen laten zien.

De economische gevolgen van de Brexit zijn moeilijk in te schatten op dit moment. Er zijn heel veel vragen en de komende maanden zal daar stap voor stap duidelijkheid over ontstaan. Dit zal dus zeker een bepaalde mate van onzekerheid met zich meebrengen, die zich zal vertalen in een grotere volatiliteit dan wanneer er minder onzekerheid is. Dit betekent voor ondernemingen dat men meer kosten voor hedging zal zien omdat de spreads op de handelsplatformen groter zullen zijn. Neem daarbij het voorbeeld van de afgelopen dagen dat verdere onverwachte ontwikkelingen opnieuw voor zeer grote beweeglijkheid kunnen zorgen op aandelen-, rente-, grondstoffen- en valutakoersen.

Focus voor een onderneming moet gericht zijn op zijn core business, daar wordt dagelijks het geld verdiend. Het speculeren met ‘open’ posities kan grote gevolgen hebben. In de praktijk is het namelijk één van de moeilijkste beslissingen om bij een verkeerde keuze op tijd de beslissing te herzien en het verlies te accepteren.

Voor bedrijven die nog geen regels hebben opgesteld voor hoe men bepaalde risico’s afdekt, is er na de gebeurtenissen van vorige week geen excuus meer om hier geen prioriteit aan te geven.

[separator type=”” size=”” icon=””]

reneschilder1René Schilder – Co Owner at 2FX Treasury BV

[button url=”http://www.treasuryxl.com/community/experts/rene-schilder/” text=”View expert profile” size=”” type=”primary” icon=”” external=”1″]

FX Global Code of Conduct

| 09-06-2016 | Simon Knappstein |

 

Last month the BIS published the first phase of the FX Global Code. The final version is planned for completion by May 2017. What is this Global Code and what is the BIS trying to achieve by the establishment of this Code?



Recent history

In the wake of the Libor Scandal a similar rate rigging scandal emerged in the FX market. This related to fraudulent actions around the fixing process of FX Benchmarks. In 2013 the Financial Stability Board commissioned a working group to firstly analyse the structure of the FX Market and the incentives that might promote inappropriate trading activity around a benchmark fixing, and then come up with some potential remedies to address the problems found.

In September 2014 a report was published by the FSB containing 15 recommendations to reform the FX Benchmark process. A number of these recommendations concerned market conduct, specifically related to the fixing process.  To further restore trust in the foreign exchange market and make this market function as effectively and efficiently as possible the BIS commissioned a working group to facilitate the establishment of a single global code of conduct for the FX Market and to come up with mechanisms to promote greater adherence to the code. The first phase of this global code is now published and I will share some observations with you.

What is the Global Code?

The Global Code is a set of global principles, not rules as rules are easier to arbitrage than principles. It is meant to provide a common set of guidelines to promote the integrity and effective functioning of the wholesale FX Market, i.e. a robust, fair, liquid, open, and appropriately transparent market

Unlike for instance the Model Code by the ACI Forex, which is only intended for the sell side and more rule based, this Global Code is developed by a partnership between Central Banks and Market Participants from both sell- and buy-side globally.

The Global Code is organised around six leading principles:

·      Ethics

·      Governance

·      Information Sharing

·      Execution

·      Risk Management and Compliance

·      Confirmation and Settlement Processes

Furthermore it is emphasized that this Global Code does not supplant the applicable laws and regulations for the relevant jurisdictions. It should serve as a reference when conducting business in the FX Market.

So far, so good.

The good thing in this Global Code is that it applies to all organisations and persons active in the wholesale FX Market globally and thus creates a level playing field. The more cynical observer could argue that codes of conduct are around for decades and that these have not been very successful in preventing scandals.

Obviously, thinking of myself as an ethical and honest ex-salesperson and trader, most of these principles are a no-brainer. There is only one principle and related good practices that leaves me a bit puzzled, and that concerns Execution, sub-principle 5: The Mark Up applied to Client transactions by Market Participants acting as Principal should be fair and reasonable. Sounds fair enough, but in a competitive world with Clients comparing quoted prices and trading the most advantageous price to them, hasn’t mark-up already ceased to exist? So what is fair and reasonable about zero mark-up? Or shouldn’t Clients trade the most advantageous?

I wonder, dear reader, what your thoughts are on this?

Reference:
Speech by Mr Guy Debelle, Assistant Governor (Financial Markets) of the Reserve Bank of Australia, at the FX Week Europe conference, London, 25 November 2015.
FX Global Code: May 2016 update

 

Simon Knappstein - editor treasuryXL

 

Simon Knappstein

Owner of FX Prospect

EUR/USD Outlook

18-05-2016 | by Simon Knappstein |

 businesspaper

The US Dollar is currently going through a soft spell. Most markedly against EM, but also against the EUR. Upside seems contained so far by the very easy monetary policy of the ECB. The question is if we are witnessing simply an extension of the ranging price movement as seen in the last 5 quarters or whether this is the start of a lasting recovery?

 

 

FX Prospects consensus forecast for EUR/USD is 1.1020 in 3 months and 1.0810 in 12 months.

outlook eur/usd

Let’s take a closer look at the arguments that argue for a higher EUR/USD than consensus.
Danske Bank is in the longer term the most bullish, forecasting a shallow move lower to 1.12 in 3 months and a subsequent move higher to 1.18 in 12 months.
Nordea is looking for a move to 1.16 in 3 months only to see the pair fall thereafter to 1.05 in 12 months.

Danske is expecting for relative rates to play a more important role in the near term where the ECB will be challenged once again on its mandate by market inflation expectations and the Fed might turn out a bit more upbeat on a September rate hike. This, coupled with a Brexit risk premium weighing on the EUR as well, should lead to some downside in the next 2 or 3 months. Further out, they expect valuation to drive the EUR/USD higher to 1.18.

Nordea on the other hand, sees the EUR strengthening in the near term on a combination of a diminished likelihood of deeply negative rates by the ECB, potential risk aversion that leads to some EUR short covering and a dovish shift in the Fed’s reaction function. Further out then, as this dovish shift is reflecting an undue focus on domestic- and global risks (Brexit, China) that do not materialise, a hawkish re-pricing of the curve will support the USD at the same time that increasing inflation in the EZ is lowering real rates and leading to EUR-negative portfolio outflows. Bringing EUR/USD to the aforementioned level at 1.05 in 12 months.

These are two very different views on where EUR/USD is heading. It is not though, a matter of who is wrong and who is right. Opposing opinions help you make up your own mind and improve on your investment decisions.

 

Simon Knappstein - editor treasuryXL

 

Simon Knappstein

Owner of FX Prospect

 

 

 

Rousseff impeachment: short-term strength for BRL

brasil22-04-2016 | by Simon Knappstein |

Will the ousting of President Rousseff help the Brazilian Real to strengthen or not?

From a high of 4,15 at the end of January USD/BRL has fallen steadily to 3,55 level today. This strengthening came on the back of a broadly weaker USD, a rebounding oil price, renewed inflow into Emerging Markets in general and supported by a high carry for the BRL more specifically.

 

What has played an important role more recently is the diminishing popularity of president Dilma Rousseff. This comes in part by a massive corruption scandal at state-run oil company Petrobras with a lot of Worker’s Party politicians already convicted. Yesterday, the Brazilian Lower House voted for her impeachment over allegations for manipulating government accounts to hide a budget shortfall. All this has crippled the government’s ability to deal with an economic recession and rising unemployment.

The consensus FX forecast for USD/BRL, with current spot at 3.62, is 3.90 in 12 months’ time.

Consensus FX forecast for USDBRL

According to Nordea the potential impeachment of president Rousseff is a “short-term positive for the BRL at best. Short-term positive because markets seem to cheer the potential for change and for more political stability under Vice President Temer, albeit with the recognition that the BRL has already strengthened a lot and that most of the impeachment may be priced. More importantly, however, Brazil’s huge and numerous challenges will not go away with President Rousseff and markets may soon realize that.”

ING that expects USD/BRL to trade at 4.05 in one year’s time states: “Yet, we continue to see a high risk of the current market euphoria to fade as an impeachment does not necessary mean a highly stable political environment thereafter”. That might be an understatement as vice-president Temer, who would assume power on an interim basis when Rousseff has to step aside, also runs the risk of an impeachment process.

And although, as Scotiabank poses it “hopes that changes in the country’s leadership could lead to more market friendly economic policies” market participants seem to underestimate that “Brazil is undergoing a deep economic crisis exacerbated by a profound crack in its political institutions” and more specifically underestimate “the nature of the structural change required to rebuild credible political institutions”. Scotia sees the BRL weakening to 4.20 in 11 months’ time.

So in the short-term the BRL might strengthen a bit further still but further out it is still in general expected to weaken to around 4.0 against the USD.

Simon Knappstein - editor treasuryXL

 

Simon Knappstein

Owner of FX Prospect

Negative Interest Rate Policy: No lasting effect on FX

14-04-2016 | by Simon Knappstein |

bank

 

Negative interest rates are gripping Central Banks worldwide. The BoJ has resorted to this unexpected and unusual policy at the end of January. The ECB is expected to dig deeper into negative realms at their March meeting. The Swedish Riksbank has also gone negative and the Fed is contemplating the possibility for the eventuality economic growth will falter and inflation will fall. And of course the Swiss are already quite accustomed to negative interest rates. But in the FX markets the effects are minimal and short-lived.

So, are Central banks reaching the end of the effectiveness of their extremely loose monetary policies? If so, the big question is what next? Plain currency intervention? Hard to imagine currently, though the Swiss National Bank is said to be continuously intervening to prop up EUR/CHF.

The ECB has crossed the zero interest rate border in the summer of 2014 bringing its depo-rate to minus 0.10%. A move intended to stimulate credit growth by commercial banks, and as a means to lower the value of the Euro as to import more inflation. Although the latter was not explicitly mentioned everyone knows it was.

Since then the Swiss National Bank in December 2014, the Riksbank in February 2015 and the Bank of Japan in January 2016 have followed suit by introducing negative interest rates.

Currency impact

Interest rates
Figure 1 – Currency impact

The impact on the currency exchange rate is questionable and certainly not a straightforward main driver, as can be seen in figure 1.
When the ECB introduced a negative interest rate in the summer of 2014 it was accompanied by the start of the QE program and indeed EUR/USD moved considerably lower. The rate cut to -0.3% last December had no material impact on the exchange rate, even though it was followed by the first Fed rate hike in years.

The pressure on EUR/CHF could not be relieved by a rate cut to -0.25% in December 2014 so it was soon followed by the abandoning of the minimum exchange rate at 1.20 and a further cut to -0.75%. EUR/CHF stabilized but only continuous intervention by the SNB has brought the pair higher since then. The charts for EUR/SEK and USD/JPY speak for itself.

The conclusion is that there is very little to no evidence that negative interest rates lead to weaker currencies to support inflationary pressures.

Simon Knappstein - editor treasuryXL

 

 

Simon Knappstein

Owner of FX Prospect

 

Consensus FX forecasts March 2016

30-03-2016 | by Simon Knappstein |

FX forecast

 

The March edition of the consensus FX forecasts report shows that spot US Dollar has weakened broadly since February. In the forecasts for 1 year the changes for he USD are less strong and more diverse though.  



Changes vs. February

Against the CAD and RUB the USD is expected to weaken a little more than last month. The oil price is a main driver here. Less strengthening is seen in 1 year against the Indonesian Rupiah IDR and against the South African Rand ZAR. Both are supported by a high carry, and in the case of the IDR coordinated action in the form of economic reforms and interest rate cuts is supporting economic growth and the Rupiah.
Against the general direction of a weakening USD there are a few currencies against which the USD is expected to strengthen more versus last month. These are the Indian Rupee INR, the Turkish Lira TRY and the Korean Won KRW. For the specifics here please see the comments in the report.

Market Focus

Developed Markets

Although the Fed has voiced a softer tone on the interest rate path, the USD is still expected to strengthen supported by tighter monetary policy from the Federal

Reserve this year. A hawkish re-pricing of the 2016 path presents upside risk to the USD.
Expect the EUR to weaken on the basis of policy divergence and interest rate differentials.
The Brexit threat has provided for a sizeable drop in GBP; risks remain tilted to the downside into the June 23 referendum.
The recovery in oil prices is still fragile and a pullback would punish the CAD. Over the longer term, the CAD should take flight anew more sustainably, in step with the oil price recovery and the improved economic environment in Canada.
JPY is expected to weaken, as it reverses its YTD sentiment-driven gains and monetary policy divergence takes the upper hand again.

AUD sentiment might be tentatively turning the corner, but AUD remains vulnerable to a slowing Chinese economy.

Emerging Markets

The RUB stabilised on the back of a rising oil price, but the recovery is fragile and tentative.
TRY found some support during the recent risk-on period but idiosyncratic risks and on-going geopolitical risks are expected to weigh on the TRY.

Latam

The BRL has recovered somewhat thanks to a combination of high yields and a more benign global risk environment. Political risk remains high and unwinding of the carry trade might see a sharp weakening of the BRL.
MXN has responded positively to aggressive and concerted policy action. Further gains in MXN are expected.

Asia

CNY should weaken modestly in response to slower growth and central bank policy accommodation.
IDR is supported by a change in investor sentiment on the back of coordinated action by the central bank and government.
Simon Knappstein - editor treasuryXL

 

Simon Knappstein

Owner of FX Prospect