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Managing treasury risk: Operational Risk (Part VII)
| 21-3-2017 | Lionel Pavey |
There are lots of discussions concerning risk, but let us start by trying to define what we mean by risk. In my last article on how to manage treasury risk I will write something about operational risk. The Bank for International Settlements (BIS) defines this as “the risk of loss resulting from inadequate or failed internal processes, people and systems or from external events. If you want to read my earlier articles on managing the different treasury risks please refer to the complete list at the end of today’s article.
Whilst this is the last article in this series, it is actually – potentially – the most significant risk that a company can face, as there are many different ways that a loss could occur, together with the fact that when it happens the amount lost can be very large. Even if the size of the loss could be considered small, there is always the threat of reputation risk which, once identified, is very difficult to erase from the memory.
While it is possible to insure against rogue trading for a company (the risk present in the Treasury function can be quantified and qualified) it is very rare that damage is caused by just one individual – a financial version of the lone wolf theory. Operational risks tend to be interlinked – a fraudulent payment could be initiated by human involvement (either as fraud or human error) and facilitated by weak processes together with insecure technological systems.
There are 2 main areas of operational risk within treasury for a company
There are 3 main categories of operational risk within treasury for a company:
Computer System, Information Technology
A lack of robustness and deficiencies in the technology and systems contribute to circumstances for failures, errors, data losses, corruption and fraud. Internally considerable care and attention should be given to the protocol for Static Data. This encompasses all the relevant reference data for a counterparty and should be subject to at least an input and verification procedure before entering the computer system. Changes to Static Data have to be recorded, together with the proper paper trail and authorization matrix. Externally the risks relate mainly to illegal entry (hacking), together with the complete theft of data.
Theft and Fraud
Both internally and externally main areas include:
Unauthorised Activity
From the Treasury point of view, this is an internal activity and mainly relates to 2 types of transactions – unauthorized by transaction and or type; transactions that are not captured in the system and reported. These can lead to monetary losses (though a gain is possible – at the price of an operational risk), together with loss of reputation.
The last category clearly shows where the biggest risk occurs within a company – at the human level. Generally speaking, these are caused by incompetence, lack of knowledge, misuse of power or compulsion to act caused by external factors – extortion.
It is clear therefore that whilst the electronic systems employed by a company can be a liability if not properly programmed or safeguarded, even here, most of the errors can be traced by to human intervention.
So why are the human risks so often underestimated? Naturally a company wishes to have the feeling that its staff can be trusted (within reason). After all, the company felt that the staff were the right people to employ. It is not my intention to formulate the reasoning and thinking of people who perform illegal acts. However certain areas that can be considered include how staff are treated; the demand placed on them; the rewards given; the levels of transparency and inequity within the company; a closed-off attitude (problems in one department are kept within that department and not discussed throughout the company); the role model set by owners, directors and managers; loss of personnel, reduction in morale; disinterested and unmotivated staff.
Solutions
An effective framework of operational risk management needs to be designed and implemented within the business. This requires input and commitment from all departments within the company, meeting one agreed standard and not being shaped to every individual department’s wishes. The framework has to run and meet the requirements for all different strategies within the company.
I wish to finish with 2 examples of operational risk to illustrate how large they can be.
In 1995 the world’s second oldest merchant bank (Barings Bank) collapsed due to the actions of a rogue trader. Corruption and a lack of internal control led to a loss of GBP 827 million.
Around the same time I was employed as an international money broker working in the interbank market and travelled every day from The Hague to Amsterdam via train. As I knew the route off by heart, I read all the time – magazines, papers, books – anything. I purchased a book called “The Cuckoo’s Egg” as it seemed interesting and would pass the time away sitting on the train.
The synopsis told me that an unreconciled accounting discrepancy of just 75 cents would lead to a world of computer espionage and spies. I highly recommend reading the book to understand how a simple error can grow to show the dangers of ignoring operational risks. If you like acronyms then you will enjoy reading about the FBI, CIA, NSA and KGB – all hacked via a UNIX server at a laboratory linked to the University of California.The story is true and threatened national security.
Trust people – but do not place temptation in their way.
Lionel Pavey
Cash Management and Treasury Specialist
More articles of this series:
Managing treasury risk: Risk management
Managing treasury risk: Interest rate risk
Managing treasury risk: Foreign exchange risk
Managing treasury risk: Commodity Risk
Managing treasury risk: Credit Risk
Managing treasury risk: Liquidity risk
Waarom ongevraagde biedingen waardevol zijn
| 17-3-2017 | Victor Macrae |
Unilever en Akzo Nobel hebben een resoluut ‘nee’ uitgesproken tegen de ongevraagde biedingen van buitenlandse opkopers. Publiek en overheid hebben verontwaardigd gereageerd over verkwanseling van het Nederlandse erfgoed. Maar de ongewenste avances hebben een groot voordeel: de door de acquisitiekandidaten voor de toekomst geplande strategie wordt nu versneld uitgevoerd. Hierdoor wordt de waarde die in de bedrijven zit al eerder ontsloten.
Unilever
Unilever heeft veel geïnvesteerd in haar merken en in duurzaamheid. Verkoop van de onderneming stond nooit ter discussie. Sterker, Unilever is zelf een bedreven bedrijven-opkoper. Hiermee is Unilever echter ongewild een ideale overnameprooi. Door de stabiele cash flow kan een overname met goedkoop vreemd vermogen worden gefinancierd. Vervolgens kan flink in de kosten worden gesneden. Beide krikt het rendement op eigen vermogen flink op.
Rendementsverbetering in plaats van alleen duurzaamheid
Er was al enige tijd gemor onder Angelsaksische aandeelhouders dat Unilever teveel aandacht zou besteden aan duurzaamheid in plaats van aan het verhogen van aandeelhouderswaarde. Het bestuur van Unilever heeft na de bieding aangekondigd haar focus te verleggen naar rendementsverbetering. Akzo Nobel reageerde met de mededeling dat het overweegt de divisie Specialty Chemicals van de hand te doen. Volgens de Raad van Bestuur van Akzo Nobel lag deze stap al in de planning, maar is het door de omstandigheden versneld.
Stap voorwaarts
Zowel Unilever als Akzo Nobel heeft als reactie op de ongewenste avances een sprong voorwaarts gemaakt door zelf het heft in handen te houden en de toekomstige strategie nu al versneld uit te voeren. De aandeelhouders kunnen deze stap duidelijk waarderen: beide aandelen werden na de toelichting van de RvB beloond met een flinke koersstijging. Wellicht een hint voor andere Nederlandse ondernemingen: als u een versnelling in de uitvoering van uw eigen strategie te weeg wil brengen, doe dan net alsof u een ongevraagd overnamebod heeft ontvangen.
Victor Macrae
Owner of Macrae Finance
Meer artikelen van deze auteur:
Is this the solution to solving the derivatives mis-selling issue?
Fx volatility creates opportunities
Treasury Seminars in Antwerp and Montfoort – a short summary of two successful events
| 15-3-2017 | Treasury Services | PowertoPay | sponsored content |
During the seminar several treasury topics were highlighted. After a short opening speech by Bas Huisman, co-founder of PowertoPay, we started with a presentation about the importance of bank independency. Arnoud Doornbos from Treasury Services was talking about financial history lessons but also the current financial situation that makes it really important for companies to look into bank independent solutions.
After that Rob Rühl from Next Markets presented his view of the influences of Brexit on the Dutch and Belgian economy.
Next was a presentation by Hans de Vries, PowertoPay consultant, telling about the end of Notional Pooling and Basel III. He also presented the Payment Hub of PowertoPay and how this is beneficial for companies.
After this Jan Vermeer from TreasuryServices talked about bank independent cash pooling through software, something TreasuryServices developed for companies who wish to operate much less dependent on their banks if it comes to cash management.
Last but definitely not least, we had a client case presented by Michel Steenbergen from DIF. He informed everyone about how the two solutions mentioned above come together in practice. DIF uses a combination of PowertoPay’s Payment Hub and TreasuryMetrics from Treasury Services and created a perfect solution for their complex cash management processes. After both of the seminars we had a drink and some food with the participants.
Our Treasury Seminar was a great opportunity to inform everyone about the current situation of the financial world and how to participate in changes that are occurring. Being bank independent is becoming increasingly important because of the fast development of financial technologies and changing laws. What we see lately is that components of banking products and services are being redeveloped by the FinTech Industry. These FinTech solutions are smarter, faster and better. As a result we now see that different FinTech companies work together. Individual Fintech products often turn out to be complementary to each other. FinTech companies now recognize that collaboration with other FinTech companies leads to high growth and a better product range.
PowertoPay – Claire van Ingen
Treasury Services BV – Arnoud Doornbos
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