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The (Im)possibility of Liquidity Planning
| 07-06-2019 | BELLIN |
Liquidity planning is extremely essential. Companies can survive a certain amount of time without making a profit. However, they will go down within just a few days if they lack the necessary liquidity. Therefore, liquidity planning is high on any treasury’s agenda.
Suddenly, cash was in short supply. Everything ground to a halt. Indeed, the crisis of 2008 has shown how important it is for companies of all sizes and industries to plan with liquid assets. They have to ensure that liquidity fluctuations will be hedged adequately and that times of tight liquidity can be overcome easily. Even long-term profitability cannot always serve as a guarantee that financial markets will be able to provide sufficient liquidity in times of crisis – unless waterproof strategic agreements for financing liquidity shortages were concluded long before the crisis. Liquidity planning is not the same as planning a company’s cash balance. Instead, it forms a basis for strategic hedging decisions in interest, currency and commodity management.
When you begin dealing with liquidity planning in your business, you may be disappointed at first. You will not be able to transfer experience from a balance sheet and profit and loss (P&L) calculation. As a first step, you will need to define liquidity planning and set your treasury’s liquidity planning goals.
Liquidity Planning Versus Cash Management
Liquidity planning serves to illustrate cash flows from all organizational units over time. lt distinguishes between different cash flows, e.g. customer payments and HR payments. The timeline – the underlying planning horizon – usually includes the next six to twelve months. However, certain business models may require planning several years in advance. Never confuse liquidity planning with daily cash management, which focuses only on future balances of individual bank accounts and on creating daily cash forecasts.
The quality of balance sheet and P&L planning is determined by its accuracy. The better the planning, the more accurate the predictions. In the relationship of balance sheet and P&L to liquidity planning, the most important factor is the end result: both plans should result in the same balance at the end of a period. To ascertain this figure alone, a treasury department would not need to create its own liquidity plan. Yet from a treasury perspective, the projected balance is only a means of checking plausibility at the end of the planning horizon. Even the smallest change in an underlying transaction or payment can lead to significant changes in the final result, without affecting overall corporate success or reducing the quality or even sense of liquidity planning as a whole.
A Basis for Hedging
Determining a precise cash balance at the end of a particular planning horizon is not the goal of liquidity planning. Its focus lies on analyzing the differences between an original plan and a rolling plan. The treasury department bases hedging decisions on the original plan. Then, it examines the reliability of these risk management measures. If the treasury finds significant inconsistencies, it can swap or create new foreign exchange deals, negotiate new credit lines or revise the maturities of interest bearing transactions.
Liquidity planning is possible. However, it is impossible to plan liquidity in terms of cash on hand at a particular date. With this different goal in mind, liquidity planning becomes the basis for strategic hedging decisions. Only a liquidity plan that is kept up to date can provide information on when to expect cash flows in foreign currency, when group companies need more liquidity within the planning period and when excess liquidity will be returned.
Interest and Currency Risk
Liquidity planning is not just about liquid assets, however. Flawed planning can have negative side effects, particularly with regard to financing and related interest. High interest rates can reduce income and reserve assets of companies that are notoriously short, i.e. always in a position of net debt. At the opposite end of the spectrum, companies in a «long» position, i.e. those who have sufficient liquidity to finance their ongoing business, miss out on interest earnings. They rarely consider such opportunity interest.
Interest topics aside, liquidity planning also deals with the somewhat more complex issue of foreign exchange risk. Currency exposure can also affect cash on hand. The media frequently circulate striking examples, although they often wrongly blame derivatives for lack of liquidity or financial losses. In any case, it is important to note that a shift in exchange rates may have a decisive influence on the liquidity development of companies active in countries with foreign currencies.
Liquidity planning made easy in tm5
With tm5’s cash and liquidity management solution, users benefit from real-time liquidity management across your entire corporate group.
Our technology lets you make short-term or long-term liquidity forecasts across all subsidiaries in the corporate group. Be prepared for all eventualities.
Product: Cash & Liquidity Management
Room to Breathe
No company can exist without liquidity planning: it would be incapacitated within just a few days. Primary liquidity risk factors take a company’s liquidity – its room to breathe. Cash management is essential for short-term planning horizons. In the medium and long term, companies require a liquidity plan, a prerequisite for meaningful risk management, which is cleanly separated from corporate financial planning. These two topic areas deal with interest and currency management from different perspectives. Companies need to ensure a basic liquidity supply, consider supply costs and take into account possible fluctuations caused by currency exchange factors.
Martin Bellin
Founder & CEO at BELLIN
For what audience is the Treasurer Test developed?
| 06-06-2019 | by treasuryXL |
The Treasurer Test has been developed with three different audiences in mind:
Their goals might overlap but there are differences. In this blog we will elaborate.
Actual Treasurer
Taking the test, already being a treasurer, can be useful in many situations. First, wanting to show your hiring manager you are fully capable and have the right personality for the position you want to step into. This is an obvious one. Second, planning your career. The result report will show the candidates treasury knowledge gaps and personality, helping in education and coaching plans. Third and last, as a treasury team you want to be ready for the future of your organisation and prepare. In order to achieve this, you want to know your current status in order to build a development plan with a focus both on skills as well as on personalities.
Pre Treasurer
Aspiring treasurers might have the aforementioned goals and some extra. They might not have done the job, but know a lot and want to prove this. Automatically, the Test will show where development might be started best and if the potential is enough to pick up the position. Taking the Test will also lead to insight what the job is about. It is not intended, but might lead to a candidate treasurer steering his career in another direction. Finally, we are talking with educators to deploy the test at the start and at the end of a program in order to objectively measure progress of students.
Non Treasurer
In finding staff or helping them in development, HR, recruiters and educators will play an important role. It is not to be expected that these specialist benefit from taking the Test. They should know about the Big5 typology and understand how the Test measurers skills.
On the other hand, CFOs, CFO team members, auditors, bankers and other financial specialist and their organisations will benefit from them taking the Test. Many of them consider themselves (unjust) knowledgeable in corporate treasury. Insight in their actual knowledge level is a good starting point. If the non-treasurer knows a lot and can prove this with the Test results, treasury specialists will better accept input. If not, the non-treasurer will better appreciate the expertise of the specialist and put treasury higher on the priority list.
Are you interested how the Treasurer Test can help you? Contact Kendra Keydeniers, Community & Partner Manager.
You can find more relevant information here.
Blockchain-as-a-Service: accelerator for adoption
| 04-06-2019 | Carlo de Meijer | treasuryXL
When interacting with the blockchain they have now two options. They can either set up their node directly, thereby removing the “invisibility cloak” of blockchain. Or they can decide to let someone else do that for them. And here comes BaaS or Blockchain-as-a-Service in scope. BaaS or Blockchain-as-a-Service is comparatively a new blockchain technology, that can be easily integrated in existing corporate infrastructures.
The global Blockchain-as-a-Service Market is set for a rapid growth. According to a recent survey, the Blockchain-as-a-Service is expected to register a CAGR (Compound Annual Growth Rate) of over 15%, during the forecast period (2019-2024), reaching around USD 30,6 billion globally by 2024.
We are not surprised by the emergence of Blockchain-as-a-Service. This overall Blockchain-as-a-Service market has seen accelerated growth with the coming up of creative innovations for blockchain and a faster growing customer demand. The growing demand for this new way of delivering blockchain services is attracting a wide field of new providers in the BaaS market, offering gigantic entryways for advancement.
Why BaaS?
Why do businesses need Blockchain-as-a-Service? Blockchain technology is on rise and business are increasingly willing to adapt to this technology. So far, however, the impact of blockchain disruption has been rather limited.
The companies that really want to use it, may encounter a number obstacles. The resources and expertise needed to develop new blockchain technologies has been a major hurdle for businesses that want to adopt the blockchain.
Blockchain technology is rather knew and relatively unknown. The technical complexities and operational overhead involved in creating, configuring, and operating the blockchain, and maintaining its infrastructure, often act as deterrents to its mass adoption.
Corporates are still far away from understanding the future of blockchain technology and the complexity of setting up of blockchain networks. Its implementation in terms of any technological change entails organizational risks.
Blockchain requires huge investment when it comes to setting up infrastructure and maintaining it. It is much more resource intensive, as compared to traditional databases.
What is BaaS?
A Blockchain-as-a-Service platform is based on, and works similar to, the concept of Software as a Service (SaaS) model. It is a full-service cloud-based offering that enables customers including corporates to leverage cloud-based solutions to build and use their own blockchain applications and smart contracts and functions that will be hosted on the BaaS platform.
The BaaS platform would deal with the always confusing and labour-intensive back end activities for corporates and/or their business. They will provide all the necessary infrastructure and operational support to ensure that the blockchain applications run smoothly.
The platform will manage all the necessary tasks and activities to keep the infrastructure agile and operational. In other words, it allows the blockchain part of the technology to be relatively invisible for corporates.
Blockchain-as-a-Service providers are, therefore, key for large-scale blockchain adoption across businesses as they enable companies to adopt the blockchain without having to spend as much money as they would have to if they were to develop blockchain solutions on their own.
How does BaaS work?
BaaS would work similar to that of a web hosting provider. BaaS is like a blockchain module toolkit and utility system under the Blockchain Engine for which their users pay a fee.
In BaaS, an external service provider sets up all the necessary blockchain technology and infrastructure for a customer. By paying for a fixed BaaS subscription or consumption, a client pays the BaaS provider to set up and maintain blockchain connected nodes on their behalf. A BaaS provider thereby handles the complex back-end for the client and their business.
The BaaS operator also takes care of support activities like bandwidth management, suitable allocation of resources, hosting requirements, and provides security features like the prevention of hacking attempts.
Leveraging BaaS model, the client can now focus on their core job – the functionality of their blockchain – instead of worrying about infrastructure and performance related issues.
BaaS for who?
Blockchain-as-a-Service is ideal for organizations that wanted to outsource their technological aspects, and are not involved in understanding the working mechanism of the blockchain.
According to the earlier mentioned survey, the financial services industry is expected to occupy the largest market share. Blockchain-as-a-Service offerings are already revolutionizing this industry, as banks and financial service companies are among the most heavily invested enterprises exploring blockchain technology.
This is due to the many, highly valuable decentralized applications of blockchain technology, thereby giving rise to new business models in various areas, such as cross-border payments, remittance, exchanges, internet banking, trade finance, Know Your Customers (KYC), and risk and compliance.
The market is also gaining traction with SMEs that have not the sources to do that on their own. As these are increasingly working online, efficient blockchain services are increasingly required to secure the identity of digital entities and online authentication of personal identities, which drives the demand for Blockchain-as-a-Service offerings.
What may BaaS bring?
Allowing someone else to take care of the complex backend of blockchain ecosystem for corporates, allows corporates or their business to benefit from blockchain technology without really having to deal with blockchain technology.
Instead of creating and running their own blockchains, a business, large or small, can now simply “outsource” the technical complex work and focus on its core activities.
The BaaS format allows companies to familiarize themselves with blockchain technology before making conclusive business decisions about its use.
With BaaS as a cloud-based service, users will be able to develop their own blockchain based products like smart contracts, various applications and services without any setup requirement of the complete blockchain based infrastructure.
If BaaS speeds up, it can lead to real savings for companies. A study by Accenture found that blockchain technology could help banks reach cost savings to reach as high as 38 per cent, or around $12 billion.
Top BaaS providers
The potential of Blockchain-as-a-Service has been recognized by some of the world’s largest software and technology companies. The interest of many businesses in implementing blockchain and the real difficulties of doing so have triggered several tech companies and cloud providers to now offer Blockchain-as-a-Service (Baas) to businesses that prefer to outsource the development of blockchain solutions.
The list of leading Blockchain-as-a-Service providers is growing, illustrating the growth in the dynamic on-demand tech sector. End 2015, Microsoft became one of the first companies to develop this service. The company has been adding BaaS modules to their cloud-computing platform, Azure, that is focused on the Ethereum blockchain.
The Linux Foundation last year released Hyperledger Fabric 1.0, a collaboration tool for building blockchain distributed ledgers, such as smart contracts, for vertical industries. IBM has also built their own BaaS service, a Hyperledger Fabric BaaS system based on the Bluemix Cloud Platform. They are focused more on private consortium blockchains.
There are other big names as well that are betting on Blockchain-as-a-Service. Like Oracle Autonomous Blockchain Cloud Service, Amazon Web Services (AWS), HPE Mission Critical DLT and SAP Cloud Platform Blockchain. Of special note in this field is the work being done by R3. R3 has created Corda, a Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT) designed specifically to respond to the needs of financial institutions that use this technology.
Most recent BaaS platforms
Microsoft Azure Blockchain Service (ABS)
Microsoft this month announced the launch of Azure Blockchain Service, which is aimed to simplify the formation, management and governance of consortium blockchain networks. Azure, basically, offers Blockchain-as-a-Service (BaaS) by providing several easy-to-deploy, enterprise-ready templates for the most popular ledgers, including Ethereum, Quorum, Hyperledger Fabric, Corda and more.
Azure BaaS, in a nutshell, represents not just a public cloud hosting provider for distributed ledgers, but an organic and integrated low-cost, low-risk platform for building, delivering and deploying decentralized blockchain applications technology.
“Azure Blockchain Service deploys a fully-managed consortium network and offers built-in governance for common management tasks such as adding new members, setting permissions and authenticating user applications.” Microsoft
J.P. Morgan’s Ethereum platform, Quorum, will be the first ledger available in Azure Blockchain Service, giving both companies’ customers the ability to deploy and manage scalable blockchain networks in the cloud.
“Because it’s built on the popular Ethereum protocol, which has the world’s largest blockchain developer community, Quorum is a natural choice. It integrates with a rich set of open-source tools while also supporting confidential transactions, something our enterprise customers require.” J.P. Morgan
“Quorum customers like Starbucks, Louis Vuitton, and their own Xbox Finance team can now use Azure Blockchain Service to quickly expand their networks with lower costs, shifting their focus from infrastructure management to application development and business logic.” Mark Russinovich, chief technology officer at Microsoft Azure
Amazon Web Services (AWS)
Launching a managed blockchain service late last year, Amazon is now opening Amazon Web Services (AWS) for general availability. This new service is developed on top of open-source frameworks like Hyperledger Fabric and Ethereum.
Customers simply choose their preferred framework, add network members, and configure the member nodes that process transaction requests. Its Amazon Managed Blockchain takes care of the rest.
“Amazon Managed Blockchain takes care of provisioning nodes, setting up the network, managing certificates and security, and scaling the network. Customers can now get a functioning blockchain network set up quickly and easily, so they can focus on application development instead of keeping a blockchain network up and running.” Amazon
It is a fully managed service designed to help companies quickly set up blockchain networks of their own that can span multiple AWS accounts that are scalable and easy to create and manage and configure the software, security and network settings.
“This can be done with a few clicks in the AWS Management Console, doing away with the typical cost and difficulty of creating a company network”. Amazon
Already companies like AT&T Business, Nestlé and the Singaporean investment market the Singapore Exchange have signed on to use the company’s services.
Ardor (ARDR)
Ardor is one of the latest in the growing field of contenders for Blockchain-as-a-Service (BaaS) providers. It provides the blockchain infrastructure for businesses and institutions to leverage the strengths of blockchain technology without having to invest in developing custom blockchain solutions.
Ardor is a BaaS platform that will allow corporates and others to use the Nxt blockchain, an advanced blockchain platform. It separates security from functionality by creating multiple chains. Ardor offers a main chain that handles blockchain security and decentralization. It provides customizable child chains that come ready to use, out of the box, for various business applications.
When customers want to implement a new project on Ardor, they can create a child chain. The child chain holds all the functionality and customizability supported on the Nxt blockchain. However, it is still linked to the main chain and derives its security and decentralization from using the main chain for verification.
The developers of Ardor are the same company behind the open source Nxt project. Ardor however goes beyond Nxt to solve critical issues of blockchain growth, scalability, and customization. Ardor includes every feature supported by the Nxt blockchain, but it changes the architecture of how new blockchains get implemented.
Towards decentralised BAAS solutions
BaaS however has some limitations though. An inherent tension seems to exist between the decentralized promise of blockchain and the more centralized nature of Amazon’s and other providers fully managed BaaS services.
BaaS should be seen as a means to an end, and necessarily involves adding some centralization to blockchain, which is never ideal. The purpose of blockchain is however to have decentralized solutions to centralized problems. This could be the banks as much as it could be any trusted middleman.
What does the ideal version of BaaS look like? BaaS is an essential step to be able to bring blockchain mainstream. But in a perfect blockchain world, we would not have centralized BaaS.
It could possibly look like Ardor and Nxt, where BaaS is front-loaded into the fundamentals of the blockchain. Alternatively, MIMIR Blockchain Solutions are creating the world’s first Decentralized Ethereum Service Provider (DESP). They are using Proof of Stake mechanics to allow for decentralized BaaS. Instead of having one entity set up all the blockchain infrastructure for a corporate, MIMIR creates a system where the multitude of nodes can work together to share blockchain access to the growing number of corporates and others who want access to blockchain. Instead of relying on a centralized party to share blockchain access, MIMIR relies on a distributed model where all connected nodes can get paid to do the heavy lifting for people.
Forward thinking
The arrival of Blockchain-as-a-Service or BaaS is an interesting development in the blockchain ecosystem that is indirectly aiding the blockchain adoption across businesses. Definitely, creating, maintaining and managing a new blockchain solution will be easier with BaaS.
Though BaaS does still require one to rely on a centralized third party, it is a strong step towards bringing blockchain technology to the world. BaaS may be the necessary catalyst that can lead to a much wider and deeper penetration of blockchain technology across various industry sectors and businesses.
BaaS will set the blockchain future trends by making it more feasible and solving the existing problems of the industry. As more businesses look for convenient and cost-effective ways to leverage blockchain technology, it is likely that BaaS offerings will continue to proliferate.
“Taking the burden of difficulty out of the equation” will allow a wide range of businesses and industries to adopt blockchain into their existing platforms.
Though there is still a long way to go, for many companies, BaaS is – at this moment – the best way to begin the blockchain journey. Keeping an eye on the space can help corporates to choose the right BaaS provider for their business needs.
Carlo de Meijer
Economist and researcher