Tag Archive for: nft

Treasury Policies & Processes for Crypto Transactions

02-02-2023 | treasuryXL | ComplexCountries | LinkedIn |

This call took place five days after FTX filed for bankruptcy. However our discussion did not dwell on crypto as an investment (We haven’t found a treasurer who would). The interest for treasurers is to help their companies understand the business opportunities of the metaverse, and that isn’t going away.

Source

According to Gartner,’ [https://www.gartner.com/en/articles/what-is-a-metaverse] by 2026, 25% of people will spend at least one hour per day in a metaverse for work, shopping, education, social media and/or entertainment’, and…’A metaverse is not device-independent, nor owned by a single vendor. It is an independent virtual economy, enabled by digital currencies and non-fungible tokens (NFTs).

So it’s no surprise that many companies are developing strategies to capitalise on what could be a massive business opportunity. Participants in this call comprised treasurers representing companies at different stages of this journey, all facing the challenge that the regulatory and financial infrastructure available is at an early stage of evolution.

  • About half of the participants are still investigating the use of crypto and exploring how it works in case it does evolve within their businesses, but still not necessarily wanting to accept crypto or handle crypto within treasury operations.
  • Risk management to enable safe use in Corporate Treasury remains paramount and it isn’t easy.
  • We are seeing continued evolution around the NFT space and using crypto for settlement. But it continues to be quite limited.
  • Accounting requirements for how crypto currencies are handled are still not clear and not necessarily sustainable for the future. Regulations are going to evolve.
  • It is fascinating to hear, for the first time, crypto working capital is being used to match crypto receivables to payables in certain types of crypto currencies, e.g. Ether.
  • In the last 12 months companies have started to buy land in the metaverse in order to understand how it works as a marketing tool.
  • Selecting crypto currency platforms is challenging and KYC with some is a (reassuringly) painful experience. The providers discussed in this report include: Etherium, Coinbase, Mt Pelerin, Bit Panda and Anchorage.
  • For the most part, banks are watching the space and have yet to come up with solutions for corporates and CBDCs are at an early stage, but one thing we can be sure of is that there is a lot more to come on this topic.

Crypto has clearly not gone away for corporate treasurers and I’m certain we’ll see further uses going forward. There is a huge amount of detail in this report, which is essential reading for any treasurer wishing to understand the challenges or benchmark their processes.


Contributors:

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Acces to the full report is only available to subscribers to “Treasury Practice”. If you would like to request a subscription to this topic, please message [email protected].


What is possible in Complex Countries for Treasury?

26-01-2023 | treasuryXL | ComplexCountries | LinkedIn |

ComplexCountries reports detail how corporate treasurers approach challenges in complex countries, across associated treasury processes and how they adapt to economic and regulatory changes.

Their reports cover a wide range of topics associated with treasury processes in these countries, and how they are impacted by economic and regulatory changes. This includes how corporate treasurers approach currency risk management, compliance with local regulations, and maintaining cash and liquidity in the face of political and economic instability. The goal is to help treasurers navigate these challenges and protect their company’s financial position.

Find below some of the free reports detailing complex country challenges for treasurers

 

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The Impact of Russian Aggression on Regional Treasury & FX

13-12-2022 | treasuryXL | ComplexCountries | LinkedIn |

This call was held at a point in the conflict where Ukraine had made serious inroads into Russian held territory, and there was a lot of talk about the potential use by Russia of nuclear weapons. So, one of the questions was whether treasurers are expecting a nuclear escalation, a spread of the conflict, and what to do to prepare for it.

Source

None of these concerns were mentioned. For most companies, the business in the countries surrounding Russia and Ukraine is minimal. The bigger concern is, and remains, the impact on the business outlook in the rest of the world, the impact of increasing interest rates, inflation, and logistics issues – though logistics seem to be improving.

Instead, most participants continue to do business in Russia – mostly because they are in industries that benefit from the health and humanitarian exceptions to sanctions. In other cases, the business is essentially local, but uses the corporate brand – this means care must be taken when withdrawing. Having an exception from sanctions still leaves issues:

  • Even if your currency transactions are legal, a lot of banks refuse to handle them, because they do not want to take the risk of dealing with the country.
  • Many banks withdraw, reducing the choice of service providers. There was a lot of discussion about Citi – most participants use them, but there has been some confusion as to whether they are staying. The message to all participants is that they are.
  • Even when cross-border transactions are processed, there can be a lot of delay: the banks’ compliance departments examine everything very closely – but they are overworked.
  • The definitions of sanctions exempted products are inconsistent between various sanctioning groups (notably, the US and the EU), and they leave logical inconsistencies
  • The sanctions and regulations on both sides are something of a moving target, so compliance can be challenging.
  • There was an informal trouble zone in the countries surrounding Russia: Georgia, Kazakhstan, etc. This business is now moving to USD and EUR, which has reduced liquidity.

Despite this, our participants found it is generally possible to make payments into and out of Russia, even if the process can take a long time. Banks are moving to close offshore rouble accounts, especially in London, but they are being flexible over deadlines. Dividends are definitely not allowed, but most other types of payment seem to be possible. While some participants continue to move towards the exit – protecting local employees remains a priority – other are finding that their business in Russia is doing surprisingly well.

In terms of banking, everyone seemed to be using Citi [this discussion took place before Citi announced their withdrawal from Russia – from March 2023], though most were opening accounts with Raiffeisen as a backup. This is a return to the Communist era, when Raiffeisen was the main conduit for payments to and from Russia.

Bottom line: for our treasurers, the main concern is slowing economic growth in the west, increasing energy prices, higher interest rate and inflation. This is impacting their main business, which is typically not in Eastern Europe. As for Russia itself, people continue to move towards the exit – but those who have to stay, for mostly humanitarian reasons, are finding that business is complicated – but it continues.


Contributors:

This report was produced by Monie Lindsey based on a Treasury Peer Call chaired by Damian Glendinning

To access this report

Access to the full report is available to Premium Subscribers of ComplexCountries. Please log in on the website of ComplexCountries to access the download.
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The Impact of Rising Interest Rates on Working Capital

07-11-2022 | treasuryXL | ComplexCountries | LinkedIn |

No apologies for the second report on working capital and interest rate rises in a short period: we are seeing significant changes in the business environment, and treasurers are being challenged.

Source

This call focused primarily on the higher interest rate environment. One participant was mostly concerned about how to invest excess cash – the others are grappling with rapidly increasing working capital, driven by the need to keep bigger buffers, due to COVID and the Russia/Ukraine war, and the long delays in logistics circuits.

Funding challenges:

  • One participant manages treasury for South America, where there have been significant rises in interest rates, and, in some countries, funding shortages, with banks unable to provide cash and prioritising local companies. The challenges have been manageable, and they have not had to resort to drawing down all their lines to make sure they are available. This behaviour, which is akin to the rush on toilet paper in supermarkets, has been an issue in many markets, including more developed ones. However, there has been some, limited, pre-funding around significant events.
  • This has led to an increase in the number of banks in the funding panel.
  • One participant prefers their subsidiaries to fund themselves locally – but the cost of higher interest rates (for example, 35% in Turkey) is dissuasive, even if, economically, they are significantly below the inflation rate (>80%).
  • There is an increased focus on being more efficient in the use of cash within the company, so more pressure on cross-border pooling, accessing trapped cash, intercompany netting, etc.
  • Some participants are using the situation to selectively get higher discounts for pre-paying suppliers: this can be an effective way to increase the return on cash
  • Generally, the participants are at the point where these challenges cause additional work, but none of them is particularly serious.

Working Capital Management

  • Typically, treasurers have to fund working capital, but they do not manage it.
  • In all cases, there is a dialogue with the business about how much working capital the business can support, and how it can be reduced.
  • Higher interest rates are resulting in increased expense. Depending on the company, this may, or may not, be reflected in the measurements of the business units.
  • The participants all agreed with the business need to hold more inventory, but a dialogue is required to make sure this doesn’t get out of control. One participant works with the business on resisting calls to change payment terms, while another helps arrange pre-funding for suppliers, when needed.

Contributors:

This report was produced by Monie Lindsey based on a Treasury Peer Call chaired by Damian Glendinning

To access this report:

Access to the full report is available to Premium Subscribers of ComplexCountries. Please log in on the website of ComplexCountries to access the download.
Please contact ComplexCountries to find out about their subscription packages.


The Impact of the Supply Chain Crisis on Working Capital

10-10-2022 | treasuryXL | ComplexCountries | LinkedIn |

Working capital is always a hot topic – but never more so than now. Depending on how you count, most businesses are facing double, triple or more whammies.

Source

The Impact of the Supply Chain Crisis on Working Capital

  • Difficulty obtaining supplies, resulting in lost sales, or seasonal goods arriving too late for the season (one participant is in the apparel industry, where this is crucial).
  • Manufacturing inventories building up, as products cannot be completed or sold due to one or two missing components – but the rest have been bought and paid for.
  • Supply chain management building extra inventory buffers
  • Difficulty managing FX hedging programmes, as future cash flows become even harder to predict and forecast
  • And, of course, this is all happening against an environment of rising interest rates, which increases the cost of holding inventory
  • Margin pressures, due to increased shipping costs – especially given the increased use of emergency shipments, which come outside the agreed rates
  • Coupled with inflation and recession risks, there is an increasing concern over distributors’ being left with unsold inventory, with an accompanying credit risk

As always, we had a lively discussion – I encourage you to read the different stories our participants had to tell. They contain lessons for all of us. The main takeaways:

  • There is increased use of supply chain financing programmes, both supplier financing and factoring. Suppliers are becoming less reluctant to use them, and several participants have extended these programmes to countries and areas where they were not used before.
  • An increasing trend to use fintech platforms for this, rather than single bank programmes – often for capacity reasons, as well as ease of use.
  • In many cases, treasury is working with procurement and the suppliers to find a collaborative solution. This can involve paying suppliers early, to help them.
  • One participant spoke of a failed implementation of supply chain financing – the lesson being that you need to have the right team.
  • In each case, treasury is working with the business to try to find the right trade off between the cost of holding more inventory, and the cost of missed or late sales.
  • One participant uses internal factoring to make the best use of cash within the company, before they go to the outside market for funding. This is a cash optimisation tool we often forget.
  • One participant’s company manages very large, multi-year fixed price contracts, with many suppliers around the world. This is a particularly challenging environment.
  • Again, while treasury tends to view inventory and working capital as an evil, it can also be a competitive advantage, if you can supply when your competitors cannot.

Managing and funding working capital is one of the biggest challenges we face. In an environment such as today’s, it is an area where treasurers can truly add value to the business.

 


Contributors:

This report was produced by Monie Lindsey based on a Treasury Peer Call chaired by Damian Glendinning

To access this report:

Access to the full report is available to Premium Subscribers of ComplexCountries. Please log in on the website of ComplexCountries to access the download.
Please contact ComplexCountries to find out about their subscription packages.


Payment Platforms & Collections in China

11-08-2022 | treasuryXL | ComplexCountries | LinkedIn |

Cryptocurrency, digital wallets, virtual everything – there is a huge amount of change. China has been at the forefront of a lot of digital trends, partly due to the fact it had an antiquated banking system which has been thoroughly modernised, and partly because the explosion of internet shopping in the country required a digital payments solution. This is a challenge when there are no credit cards.

Source

This report is based on a Treasury peer Call which explored how this is affecting members’ companies, and how they are adapting to this brave new, digital, world.
  • Most participants are accepting payment using WeChat Pay and Alipay. None is using these tools to make corporate payments.
  • The collections process using these tools is efficient and effective: you work with a third party (usually accessed via a banking provider), who will transfer the funds to your account the following day. One participant did an RFP, with two Chinese and two foreign banks, and found the service was identical – though pricing was different, and not transparent.
  • There was no mention of billbacks, the excessively high fees and acquirors which blight the use of credit cards in other countries
  • The one complaint all participants had was the difficulty linking this process to internal systems, for the reconciliation of receipts or for compliance purposes in terms of identifying the source of cash. The third party companies do provide detailed lists of payors, but it can be difficult to upload these into the ERP system.
  • There was a lot of discussion about travel expenses. The low acceptance of credit cards in China complicates the automated links which often exist between credit cards and T&E management and control systems. Allowing employees to use Alipay and WeChat Pay generally raised problems in terms of obtaining adequate receipts. One participant’s company was doing extensive auditing of travel expense claims, but this is expensive.
  • One company is using virtual credit cards to solve some of these issues, while one is routing payments made on AliPay and WeChat Pay via credit card providers to get the automated expense reporting.
  • Another issue was that, in some cases, sales teams had opened Alipay and WeChat Pay wallets for customers to pay into – but there was no way to stop them from taking this cash to pay themselves. The solution is to require all collections to go via the third party providers, who are under instructions to only remit the cash to the Company’s bank account.
  • Most B2B collections still go through bank transfers or BADs (Bankers’ Acceptance Drafts). One participant is introducing controls to ensure BADs are only accepted if drawn on banks with an acceptable credit profile. Some participants are making payments by endorsing customers’ BADs to their own suppliers. There are some collections by cheque.
  • On the payments side, most participants are making payments via the banks’ host to host systems, or using the payment tools in their TMS products. Participants are using a variety of local and foreign banks: ICBC and Bank of China got the most mentions amongst the Chinese banks, with a spread across Citi, HSBC, Standard Chartered and Deutsche Bank for the foreign ones. Kyriba was the TMS mentioned.
  • One participant is using Pcards for small value purchases – but this is not easy.
  • One participant was struggling with customers who have operations in both mainland China and Hong Kong, and who regularly make payments out of the wrong entity.
  • One participant has experience of linking their IT systems directly to the banking system, to get reporting from all their banks. While possible, this requires a lot of IT work.

There as also a discussion about cash pooling: this works in China.

Bottom line: China is at the forefront of innovation in dematerialised payments. As one participant put it, it has become very hard to use old fashioned cash.

But, as this is China, things are not straightforward!


This report was produced by Monie Lindsey based on a Treasury Peer Call chaired by Damian Glendinning

To access this report:

Access to the full report is available to Premium Subscribers of ComplexCountries. Please log in on the website of ComplexCountries to access the download.
Please contact ComplexCountries to find out about their subscription packages.


Approaches to FX Volatility

13-07-2022 | treasuryXL | ComplexCountries | LinkedIn |

The latest CompleXCountries report is based on two Treasury Peer Calls in which senior treasurers from Asia, the Americas and Europe discussed the latest bout of increased FX volatility, and the impact it is having on their hedging strategies. As to current volatility, some people are adjusting their strategies, but most prefer to stick with the approach which has already been defined.

Source



FX – one of the biggest and most important challenges we all face. It has a direct impact on the business, and everyone has a view.

The calls (European morning and afternoon to accommodate Asia and the Americas) were to discuss the latest bout of increased FX volatility, and the impact it is having on people’s hedging strategies – if any. Unsurprisingly, it turned into a long discussion of the way different companies approach hedging. The report below is long and very varied – we managed to reduce it to 20 pages, but they are dense. As to current volatility, some people are adjusting their strategies, but most prefer to stick with the approach which has already been defined.

What is that approach? The participants came from a variety of different industries, and covered a broad range of different ways of handling the issue.

  • Everyone has a defined hedging approach, though most contain some degree of flexibility. So, if the approach is to hedge the next 6 months, for example, there may be leeway to go down to 4 months or up to 8.
  • Most people add their hedges via a layering approach, where they build up the hedge over time. This provides an average hedge rate, and avoids the risk of choosing a single point in time.
  • Everyone tries to match their hedges to the needs of the business. This involves co-ordinating with the business units to get their input on the ability to change prices, how long it takes to do so, etc.
  • Most companies have a centralised approach to hedging, but there is variety as to whether central treasury acts as and advisor, or as a decision maker. In most cases, this is decided by the company’s internal measurements and incentive system.
  • Several companies try to insulate the operating units from the effects of currency. This is done by various means: several participants operate re-invoicing centres, which invoice the operating entities in their own currencies, and manage the resulting exposures in the centre. One participant achieves the same result by levying a currency specific working capital charge on the operating units. The income from this charge is then used to pay for hedges – which may, or may not, actually be taken out.
  • In these cases, the centre usually operates as a profit centre – but with strong risk management disciplines to contain the danger of positions getting out of control.
  • One other approach is to fix a budget exchange rate for the coming year, and try to lock that in via hedges. There was a discussion as to whether this suits all businesses.
  • Most participants use forwards for hedging, with the choice of deliverable or NDF varying from one country to another. Several use options, though cost and accounting complexity were obstacles.
  • One participant has an approach which is built entirely around options, including a sophisticated trading strategy to reduce the cost of what they view simply as an insurance policy, like any other. This company is also very opportunistic, and will be active or inactive in the market according to their view of current pricing. This company is also private, and family owned, so they have a higher tolerance for earnings volatility than most – and they are not concerned about quarterly earnings announcements. They also have a relatively high margin business.
  • In this company, as in all others, this strategy is only possible because it has the understanding and buy-in of the management and the operating units. Every participant mentioned this as being key for success.
  • Generally, the percentage of hedging is fixed by policy. However, most participants exercise some judgement, based on the cost of hedging. This is particularly relevant for some emerging market countries, such as Brazil, Argentina and many African countries. The judgement as to what constitutes a hedge which is too expensive was often empirical, but the currencies which were left unhedged usually did not represent a significant exposure for the company.
  • Most participants prioritise balance sheet hedging over cash flow hedging, but some take the opposite approach. In all cases, the accounting treatment is a significant factor in determining the approach.

Bottom line: hedging and managing currency is one of the key competences of the treasurer. For many years to come, it will continue to be one of the areas where there is the biggest variation in approaches – and endless debates. If you have an approach which is well defined and which has been fully discussed with the business, there should not be any need to change it during a period of volatility – though it can be an excellent stress test!

Contributors: 

This report was produced by Monie Lindsey, based on two treasury peer calls chaired by Damian Glendinning.


[The full report can be downloaded FREE by corporate treasury practitioners, please Log in to your account to download (if you receive emails from us – use your email address to retrieve your password), if setting up a new account, please ask for the FX report in the comments and ComplexCountries will send you a copy]

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Treasury & Banking in India

20-06-2022 | treasuryXL | ComplexCountries | LinkedIn |

This call took place against the background of the war in Ukraine – but it was a useful chance to catch up on the ever-improving situation in India.

India has always been complex, with many regulations and poor clarity. This is clear from the comments below, where participants often have different experiences on the same topic. But, overall, the economy is working well, people are making profits (this was not always the case), and regulations are becoming more user-friendly, even if they remain challenging.

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Business structure: most participants have one legal entity which faces customers, and a different one which acts as an international shared service centre, invoicing other companies in the group on a cost plus basis. This can lead to inefficiencies in cash management: everyone struggles with domestic cash pooling and intercompany loans, while the shared service centre has guaranteed profits and cash generation. One participant has all activities in the same legal entity, which makes life easier.

Intercompany loans within India create transfer pricing and tax challenges: there is a required or recommended interest rate of 8%, compared to deposit rates of 4% to 4.5%.

Cross border cash pooling and intercompany loans are generally very difficult: many approvals are required. Dividends are subjected to withholding tax of 15%, which is sufficient to deter some, but not all, participants from paying dividends. However, this is an improvement on the previous 22% dividend tax, which was often not creditable against tax in the receiving country.

Netting of intercompany invoices is not allowed. However, one participant is using an Indian entity to centralise all invoices within the country using a POBO/ROBO process, and limiting the transactions to a single, large, gross in/gross out settlement. They are also looking at a non resident INR account.

Participants mostly use deposits for investing their excess cash. One is using the TIDE deposit: the bank automatically sweeps fixed amounts of cash above a defined threshold into deposits. These receive a higher rate if they remain for more than two weeks, but can be released if needed, with a lower interest rate being paid.

Most participants use international banks, mainly Citi and BNPP. Most complained that Citi are reluctant to use automated FX platforms, and are behind on the electronic transmission of import documentation – but one participant had a more positive experience. JPMorgan again received positive comments for their approach.

The participants who use local banks generally had positive comments about them, and found they were a big help with pricing, especially on loans and letters of credit.

Tax remains complex and challenging.

 

Bottom line: the – excellent – report below reflects the significant complexity of doing business and managing treasury in India. But it is an important market, and one which is improving. So it is definitely worth the effort!

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Access to the full report is available to Premium Subscribers.
Please contact us to find out about our subscription packages.


Winding Down Russia: Treasury Challenges

23-05-2022 | treasuryXL | ComplexCountries | LinkedIn |

 

This was our third call on the situation in Russia. It focused on the practical challenges people are facing: nearly all participants are either running down their businesses or continuing on humanitarian grounds for products which are exempted from sanctions, particularly in the healthcare sector. However, as one participant put it, winding down is easier said than done.

This report was compiled by Monie Lindsey. based on a Treasury Peer Call chaired by Damian Glendinning.

We are happy to share a copy of the full report FREE, please contact us and mention ‘Russia Report’ in your message.

Source



Chair’s Overview

This was our third call on the situation in Russia. It focused on the practical challenges people are facing: nearly all participants are either running down their businesses or continuing on humanitarian grounds for products that are exempted from sanctions, particularly in the healthcare sector. However, as one participant put it, winding down is easier said than done.

  • Many businesses operate through franchises in foreign countries. Terminating the franchise agreement may not be enough to stop them from continuing the business and using the brand name – some high-profile companies which have stopped operations still have franchisees who are continuing to trade, using the name.
  • In some cases, the name remains on the business. This makes it difficult for the brand owner to walk away, as the reputational risk remains.
  • People in the healthcare sector feel a need to carry on for humanitarian reasons. For them, there are significant logistical challenges getting new shipments into the country: no flights, very little sea freight, so heavy dependency on road transport, with limited willing suppliers. They are encountering an additional issue: sanctions apply based on customs codes, and some health care products have not been appropriately coded.
  • In other sectors, companies continue to sell down their existing inventory – but even this can be complicated, as fresh inputs can be required to make goods saleable.
  • Still, other participants have operations that are purely local, and do not require imports. These will typically continue to function, though moves are being made to make them fully independent.
  • Despite all the above, most participants continue to be able to pay down intercompany debt, pay dividends and settle outstanding intercompany invoices.
  • Cash operations are complicated by the need to segregate payments emanating from sanctioned banks. Again, this seems to work, and customers are usually willing to transfer their payments to non sanctioned banks.
  • Many Russian entities have taken steps to disguise their real ownership as a means of evading sanctions: some participants are using a database to identify the true beneficial owners to see whether sanctions apply.
  • Most international banks continue to function, but SocGen recently announced it is selling Rosbank. This raises the concern it may be sanctioned in the future.
  • Most international banks are refusing to open new accounts, and none is interested in taking deposits. This is a concern for participants who are building up cash balances as they sell down inventory. Raiffeisen seems to be the major exception to this.
  • It continues to be possible to convert RUB into hard currency – as long as you are not using a sanctioned bank. Hedging is also possible, but liquidity is limited and deliverable forwards are not available. NDFs seem to work.
  • Several participants have had to remove their Russian subsidiaries from their centralised treasury structures and in-house banks. This has resulted in the hiring of new local staff to manage the newly independent operations.
  • One participant raised the concern that Russia may be branded as a state sponsor of terrorism. This would complicate matters even further.

Bottom line: despite the length of this summary, there are still further details in the report below. Please read it. The overwhelming feedback from the call was that everyone is trying to comply with the sanctions, and business is either being scaled back, or completely localised. People have stopped looking for ways round sanctions – but compliance is complicated.

The full report on Winding Down Russia: Treasury Challenges is available to subscribers. Please get in touch for details. Enquire


HR Challenges of Global Treasury

26-04-2022 | treasuryXL | ComplexCountries | LinkedIn |

 

The twin challenges of being a people manager and handling essential cross-function communications have always added to the technical and strategic demands of being a treasurer – and these have become more difficult with COVID and remote working. This report explores the approaches of five senior treasurers from Europe.

The peer group discussion was chaired by Damian Glendinning.

This report was compiled by Monie Lindsey.

We are happy to share a copy of the full report FREE, please contact us and mention ‘HR Report’ in your message.

Source



Chair’s Overview

This session was suggested by a member and produced a thoughtful discussion. The twin challenges of being a people manager and handling essential cross-function communications have always added to the technical and strategic demands of being a treasurer – and these have become more difficult with COVID and remote working.

The shared input from all participants was that we have put a lot more effort into communications. When you don’t see people in the office all the time, you have to make the effort to pick up the phone and talk to them. The result has been an even greater emphasis on communications skills – and it is even harder to motivate and support employees who are working in different countries, as it is very hard to go and visit them. These skills are required, not only within the team, but when dealing with other functions such as Sales, and external providers, like banks.

A lot of emphases was put on the ability to keep things simple, and avoid confusing partners with technical jargon.

Initially, the impact of the pandemic was to reduce staff mobility, and cause people to stay in their jobs for longer. This is now giving way to increased mobility, and the need to hire and train people without physically meeting them. This has placed an even greater emphasis on the quality of procedures and process documentation. It has also led to an increase in remote learning, and, potentially, increased the available talent pool, since geographic proximity may no longer be required.

Finally, there was a lot of discussion about areas where the pandemic has simply accelerated trends that were already present – notably an increase in automation, and a reduction in the amount of manual transaction processing work. Again, this has resulted in an even greater emphasis on analytic and communications skills, with a reduced focus on operational ability. As an aside, there was a discussion about whether treasury staff still need to actually understand how the underlying systems work.

Bottom line: the pandemic has accelerated trends that already existed: more remote working and learning, more automation. This has put even more emphasis on the need to communicate well, especially as the phone and video conferencing, while they have undoubtedly saved us, make communications more difficult. The result is a need to put in more effort, and spend more time on it. Paradoxically, this may even prove to be beneficial.